| Records |
| Author |
Lonon, A.M.; Zentall, T.R. |
| Title |
Transfer of value from S+ to S- in simultaneous discriminations in humans |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1999 |
Publication |
The American journal of psychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am J Psychol |
| Volume |
112 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
21-39 |
| Keywords |
Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Color Perception; Columbidae; Conditioning, Classical; *Discrimination Learning; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; *Motivation; Orientation; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Psychomotor Performance; Reaction Time; *Transfer (Psychology) |
| Abstract |
When animals learn a simultaneous discrimination, some of the value of the positive stimulus (S+) appears to transfer to the negative stimulus (S-). The present experiments demonstrate that such value transfer can also be found in humans. In Experiment 1 humans were trained on 2 simple simultaneous discriminations, the first between a highly positive stimulus, A (1,000 points); and a negative stimulus, B (0 points); and the second between a less positive stimulus, C (100 points); and a negative stimulus, D (0 points). On test trials, most participants preferred B over D. In Experiments 2 and 3 the value of the 2 original discriminations was equated in training (A[100]B[0] and C[100]D[0]). In Experiment 2 the values of the positive stimuli were then altered (A[1,000]C[0]); again, most participants preferred B over D. In Experiment 3, however, when the values of B and D were altered (B[1,000]D[0]), participants were indifferent to A and C. Thus, the mechanism that underlies value transfer in humans appears to be related to Pavlovian second-order conditioning. Similar mechanisms may be involved in assimilation processes in social contexts. |
| Address |
University of Kentucky, USA |
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| Language |
English |
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| ISSN |
0002-9556 |
ISBN |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:10696277 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
249 |
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| Author |
Clement, T.S.; Weaver, J.E.; Sherburne, L.M.; Zentall, T.R. |
| Title |
Simultaneous discrimination learning in pigeons: value of S- affects the relative value of its associated S+ |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1998 |
Publication |
The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. B, Comparative and physiological psychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Q J Exp Psychol B |
| Volume |
51 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
363-378 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Attention; Color Perception; Columbidae; *Discrimination Learning; Female; Male; *Motivation; Orientation; Transfer (Psychology) |
| Abstract |
In a simple simultaneous discrimination involving a positive stimulus (S+) and a negative stimulus (S-), it has been hypothesized that positive value can transfer from the S+ to the S- (thus increasing the relative value of the S-) and also that negative value can transfer from the S- to the S+ (thus diminishing the relative value of the S+; Fersen, Wynne, Delius, & Staddon, 1991). Evidence for positive value transfer has been reported in pigeons (e.g. Zentall & Sherburne, 1994). The purpose of the present experiments was to determine, in a simultaneous discrimination, whether the S- diminishes the value of the S+ or the S- is contrasted with the S+ (thus enhancing the value of the S+). In two experiments, we found evidence for contrast, rather than value transfer, attributable to simultaneous discrimination training. Thus, not only does the S+ appear to enhance the value of the S-, but the S- appears to enhance rather than reduce the value of the S+. |
| Address |
Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506-0044, USA |
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English |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0272-4995 |
ISBN |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:9854439 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
252 |
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| Author |
Zentall, T.R.; Sherburne, L.M.; Roper, K.L.; Kraemer, P.J. |
| Title |
Value transfer in a simultaneous discrimination appears to result from within-event pavlovian conditioning |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1996 |
Publication |
Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
| Volume |
22 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
68-75 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal; Columbidae; *Conditioning, Classical; *Discrimination Learning; Female; Male; *Reinforcement (Psychology) |
| Abstract |
When pigeons acquire a simple simultaneous discrimination, some of the value acquired by the S+ transfers to the S-. The mechanism underlying this transfer of value was examined in three experiments. In Experiment 1, pigeons trained on two simultaneous discriminations (A + B- and C +/- D-) showed a preference for B over D. This preference was reduced, however, following the devaluation of A. In Experiment 2, when after the same original training, value was given to D, the pigeons' preference for C did not significantly increase. In Experiment 3, when both discriminations involved partial reinforcement (S +/-), A + C- training resulted in a preference for B over D, whereas B + D- training resulted in a preference for A over C. Thus, simultaneous discrimination training appears to result in bidirectional within-event conditioning involving the S+ and S-. |
| Address |
Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky Lexington 40506, USA |
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English |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0097-7403 |
ISBN |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:8568497 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
255 |
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| Author |
Zentall, T.R.; Sherburne, L.M. |
| Title |
Transfer of value from S+ to S- in a simultaneous discrimination |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
| Volume |
20 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
176-183 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Appetitive Behavior; Attention; Color Perception; Columbidae; *Discrimination Learning; Female; Male; Motivation; Orientation; Pattern Recognition, Visual; *Problem Solving; *Reinforcement Schedule; *Transfer (Psychology) |
| Abstract |
Value transfer theory has been proposed to account for transitive inference effects (L. V. Fersen, C. D. L. Wynne, J. D. Delius, & J. E. R. Staddon, 1991), in which following training on 4 simultaneous discriminations (A+B-, B+C-, C+D-, D+E-) pigeons show a preference for B over D. According to this theory, some of the value of reinforcement acquired by each S+ transfers to the S-. In the transitive inference experiment, C (associated with both reward and nonreward) can transfer less value to D than A (associated only with reward) can transfer to B. Support for value transfer theory was demonstrated in 2 experiments in which an S- presented in the context of a stimulus to which responses were always reinforced (S+) was preferred over an S- presented in the context of a stimulus to which responses were sometimes reinforced (S +/-). |
| Address |
Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506 |
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English |
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| ISSN |
0097-7403 |
ISBN |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:8189186 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
258 |
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| Author |
Roper, K.L.; Zentall, T.R. |
| Title |
Directed forgetting in animals |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1993 |
Publication |
Psychological bulletin |
Abbreviated Journal |
Psychol Bull |
| Volume |
113 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
513-532 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; Columbidae; Conditioning (Psychology); Discrimination Learning; Female; Humans; Male; Memory Disorders/*psychology; Reinforcement (Psychology); Task Performance and Analysis |
| Abstract |
Directed-forgetting research with animals suggests that animals show disrupted test performance only under certain conditions. Important variables are (a) whether during training, the cue to forget (F cue) signals nonreward (i.e., that the trial is over) versus reward (i.e., that reinforcement can be obtained) and (b) given that reinforcement can be obtained on F-cue trials, whether the post-F-cue response pattern is compatible with the baseline memory task. It is proposed that some findings of directed forgetting can be attributed to trained response biases, whereas others may be attributable perhaps to frustration-produced interference. It is suggested that directed forgetting in animals should be studied using procedures similar to those used to study directed forgetting in humans. This can be accomplished by presenting, within a trial, both to-be-remembered and to-be-forgotten material. |
| Address |
Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506 |
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English |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0033-2909 |
ISBN |
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| Notes |
PMID:8316612 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
259 |
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| Author |
Seyfarth, R.M.; Cheney, D.L. |
| Title |
Cognitive strategies and the representation of social relations by monkeys |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nebr Symp Motiv |
| Volume |
47 |
Issue |
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Pages |
145-177 |
| Keywords |
Adaptation, Biological; Animals; *Evolution; Family; Female; Haplorhini; Male; Memory; Primates; *Selection (Genetics); *Social Behavior; Social Dominance; *Social Perception |
| Abstract |
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| Address |
University of Pennsylvania, USA |
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English |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0146-7875 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:11759347 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
345 |
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| Author |
Cheney, D.L.; Seyfarth, R.M.; Silk, J.B. |
| Title |
The responses of female baboons (Papio cynocephalus ursinus) to anomalous social interactions: evidence for causal reasoning? |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983) |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Comp Psychol |
| Volume |
109 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
134-141 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Attention; Auditory Perception; *Awareness; *Concept Formation; *Dominance-Subordination; Fear; Female; Hierarchy, Social; Papio/*psychology; *Social Behavior; Social Environment; Vocalization, Animal |
| Abstract |
Baboons' (Papio cynocephalus ursinus) understanding of cause-effect relations in the context of social interactions was examined through use of a playback experiment. Under natural conditions, dominant female baboons often grunt to more subordinate mothers when interacting with their infants. Mothers occasionally respond to these grunts by uttering submissive fear barks. Subjects were played causally inconsistent call sequences in which a lower ranking female apparently grunted to a higher ranking female, and the higher ranking female apparently responded with fear barks. As a control, subjects heard a sequence made causally consistent by the inclusion of grunts from a 3rd female that was dominant to both of the others. Subjects responded significantly more strongly to the causally inconsistent sequences, suggesting that they recognized the factors that cause 1 individual to give submissive vocalizations to another. |
| Address |
Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA |
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English |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0735-7036 |
ISBN |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:7758289 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
348 |
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| Author |
Seyfarth, R.M.; Cheney, D.L.; Marler, P. |
| Title |
Monkey responses to three different alarm calls: evidence of predator classification and semantic communication |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1980 |
Publication |
Science (New York, N.Y.) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
| Volume |
210 |
Issue |
4471 |
Pages |
801-803 |
| Keywords |
*Animal Communication; Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Cercopithecidae/*physiology; *Fear; Female; Male; Predatory Behavior; Vocalization, Animal |
| Abstract |
Vervet monkeys give different alarm calls to different predators. Recordings of the alarms played back when predators were absent caused the monkeys to run into trees for leopard alarms, look up for eagle alarms, and look down for snake alarms. Adults call primarily to leopards, martial eagles, and pythons, but infants give leopard alarms to various mammals, eagle alarms to many birds, and snake alarms to various snakelike objects. Predator classification improves with age and experience. |
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English |
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| ISSN |
0036-8075 |
ISBN |
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| Notes |
PMID:7433999 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
351 |
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| Author |
Skov-Rackette, S.I.; Shettleworth, S.J. |
| Title |
What do rats learn about the geometry of object arrays? Tests with exploratory behavior |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
| Volume |
31 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
142-154 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal; *Discrimination Learning; *Exploratory Behavior; Female; *Form Perception; Habituation, Psychophysiologic; Male; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans |
| Abstract |
Six experiments using habituation of exploratory behavior tested whether disoriented rats foraging in a large arena encode the shapes of arrays of objects. Rats did not respond to changes in position of a single object, but they responded to a change in object color and to a change in position of 1 object in a square array, as in previous research (e.g., C. Thinus-Blanc et al., 1987). Rats also responded to an expansion of a square array, suggesting that they encoded sets of interobject distances rather than overall shape. In Experiments 4-6, rats did not respond to changes in sense of a triangular array that maintained interobject distances and angles. Shapes of object arrays are encoded differently from shapes of enclosures. |
| Address |
Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada. shannon.skov.rackette@utoronto.ca |
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English |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0097-7403 |
ISBN |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:15839772 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
363 |
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| Author |
Krebs, J.R.; Clayton, N.S.; Hampton, R.R.; Shettleworth, S.J. |
| Title |
Effects of photoperiod on food-storing and the hippocampus in birds |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Neuroreport |
Abbreviated Journal |
Neuroreport |
| Volume |
6 |
Issue |
12 |
Pages |
1701-1704 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Birds; Eating/*physiology; Female; Hippocampus/*physiology; Light; Male; *Photoperiod; Seasons; Telencephalon/physiology; Time Factors |
| Abstract |
Birds that store food have a relatively large hippocampus compared to non-storing species. The hippocampus shows seasonal differences in neurogenesis and volume in black-capped chikadees (Parus atricapillus) taken from the wild at different times of year. We compared hippocampal volumes in black-capped chickadees captured at the same time but differing in food-storing behaviour because of manipulations of photoperiod in the laboratory. Differences in food-storing behaviour were not accompanied by differences in the volume of the hippocampus. Hippocampal volumes also did not differ between two groups of a non-food-storing control species, house sparrows (Passer domesticus), exposed to the same conditions as the chickadees. |
| Address |
Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology, Department of Zoology, Oxford, UK |
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English |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0959-4965 |
ISBN |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:8527745 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
378 |
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