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Author Hanggi, E.B.; Ingersoll, J.F.; Waggoner, T.L.
Title Color vision in horses (Equus caballus): deficiencies identified using a pseudoisochromatic plate test Type Journal Article
Year 2007 Publication Journal of Comparative Psychology Abbreviated Journal J. Comp. Psychol.
Volume 121 Issue 1 Pages 65-72
Keywords Animals; Appetitive Behavior; *Color Perception; Color Perception Tests/veterinary; *Discrimination Learning; Female; Horses/*psychology; Male; Sensitivity and Specificity
Abstract In the past, equine color vision was tested with stimuli composed either of painted cards or photographic slides or through physiological testing using electroretinogram flicker photometry. Some studies produced similar results, but others did not, demonstrating that there was not yet a definitive answer regarding color vision in horses (Equus caballus). In this study, a pseudoisochromatic plate test--which is highly effective in testing color vision both in small children and in adult humans--was used for the first time on a nonhuman animal. Stimuli consisted of different colored dotted circles set against backgrounds of varying dots. The coloration of the circles corresponded to the visual capabilities of different types of color deficiencies (anomalous trichromacy and dichromacy). Four horses were tested on a 2-choice discrimination task. All horses successfully reached criterion for gray circles and demonstration circles. None of the horses were able to discriminate the protan-deutan plate or the individual protan or deutan plates. However, all were able to discriminate the tritan plate. The results suggest that horses are dichromats with color vision capabilities similar to those of humans with red-green color deficiencies.
Address Equine Research Foundation, Aptos, CA 95001, USA. EquiResF@aol.com
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Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0735-7036 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:17324076 Approved no
Call Number (down) refbase @ user @ ; Equine Behaviour @ team @ room B 3.029 Serial 1972
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Author Virga, V.; Houpt, K.A.
Title Prevalence of placentophagia in horses Type Journal Article
Year 2001 Publication Equine veterinary journal Abbreviated Journal Equine Vet J
Volume 33 Issue 2 Pages 208-210
Keywords Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Colic/epidemiology/*veterinary; Exploratory Behavior; *Feeding Behavior; Female; Horse Diseases/*epidemiology; Horses; Incidence; New York/epidemiology; *Placenta; Postpartum Period; Pregnancy; Prevalence; Questionnaires
Abstract
Address Animal Behavior Clinic, Cornell University Hospital for Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0425-1644 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:11266073 Approved no
Call Number (down) refbase @ user @ Serial 31
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Author Houpt, K.A.; Eggleston, A.; Kunkle, K.; Houpt, T.R.
Title Effect of water restriction on equine behaviour and physiology Type Journal Article
Year 2000 Publication Equine veterinary journal Abbreviated Journal Equine Vet J
Volume 32 Issue 4 Pages 341-344
Keywords Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Blood Proteins/analysis; Energy Intake; Female; Horse Diseases/physiopathology; Horses/*physiology; Osmolar Concentration; Pregnancy; Stress/veterinary; Video Recording; Water Deprivation/*physiology
Abstract Six pregnant mares were used to determine what level of water restriction causes physiological and/or behavioural changes indicative of stress. Nonlegume hay was fed ad libitum. During the first week of restriction, 5 l water/100 kg bwt was available, during the second week 4 l/100 kg bwt and, during the third week, 3 l/100 kg bwt. Ad libitum water intake was 6.9 l/100 kg bwt; at 3 l/100 kg bwt water intake was 42% of this. Daily hay intake fell significantly with increasing water restriction from 12.9 +/- 0.75 kg to 8.3 +/- 0.54 kg; bodyweight fell significantly for a total loss of 48.5 +/- 8.3 kg in 3 weeks. Daily blood samples were analysed; osmolality rose significantly with increasing water restriction from 282 +/- 0.7 mosmols/kg to 293.3 +/- 0.8 mosmols/kg bwt, but plasma protein and PCV did not change significantly. Cortisol concentrations fell from 8.1 ng/ml to 6.4 ng/ml over the 3 week period. Aldosterone fell from 211.3 +/- 74.2 pg/ml to 92.5 +/- 27.5 pg/ml at the end of the first week. The behaviour of 4 of the 6 mares was recorded 24 h/day for the duration of the study. The only significant difference was in time spent eating, which decreased with increasing water restriction from 46 +/- 3% to 30 +/- 3%. It is concluded that water restriction to 4 l/100 kg bwt dehydrates pregnant mares and may diminish their welfare, but is not life- or pregnancy-threatening.
Address Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-6401, USA
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ISSN 0425-1644 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:10952384 Approved no
Call Number (down) refbase @ user @ Serial 32
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Author Houpt, K.A.; Feldman, J.
Title Animal behavior case of the month. Aggression toward a neonatal foal by its dam Type Journal Article
Year 1993 Publication Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association Abbreviated Journal J Am Vet Med Assoc
Volume 203 Issue 9 Pages 1279-1280
Keywords Animals; Animals, Newborn; *Behavior, Animal; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Horses/*psychology; *Maternal Behavior; Rejection (Psychology); Restraint, Physical/veterinary
Abstract
Address Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
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Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0003-1488 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:8253618 Approved no
Call Number (down) refbase @ user @ Serial 36
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Author Houpt, K.A.; Smith, R.
Title Animal behavior case of the month Type Journal Article
Year 1993 Publication Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association Abbreviated Journal J Am Vet Med Assoc
Volume 203 Issue 3 Pages 377-378
Keywords Aggression; Animals; Animals, Zoo/*psychology; *Behavior, Animal; *Feeding Behavior; Female; Horses/*psychology; *Weaning
Abstract
Address Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
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Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN 0003-1488 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:8226214 Approved no
Call Number (down) refbase @ user @ Serial 37
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Author Houpt, K.A.; Northrup, N.; Wheatley, T.; Houpt, T.R.
Title Thirst and salt appetite in horses treated with furosemide Type Journal Article
Year 1991 Publication Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) Abbreviated Journal J Appl Physiol
Volume 71 Issue 6 Pages 2380-2386
Keywords Animals; Appetite/*drug effects; Blood Volume; Diuresis; Drinking/drug effects; Female; Furosemide/*pharmacology; Horses; Natriuresis; Sodium, Dietary/*administration & dosage; Thirst/*drug effects
Abstract When a preliminary experiment in sodium-replete ponies revealed an increase, but not a significant increase, in salt consumption after furosemide treatment, the experiment was repeated using sodium-deficient horses in which aldosterone levels might be expected to be elevated to test the hypothesis that a background of aldosterone is necessary for salt appetite. Ten Standardbred mares were injected intravenously with furosemide or an equivalent volume of 0.9% sodium chloride as a control to test the effect of furosemide on their salt appetite and blood constituents. Sodium intake and sodium loss in urine, as well as water intake and urine output, were measured and compared to determine accuracy of compensation for natriuresis and diuresis. Plasma protein and packed cell volume showed significant increases in response to furosemide treatment (F = 29.31, P less than 0.001 and F = 11.20, P less than 0.001, respectively). There were no significant changes in plasma sodium concentration or osmolality in response to the treatment (P greater than 0.05). The furosemide-treated horses consumed 126 +/- 14.8 g salt, significantly more than when they were given the control injection (94.5 +/- 9.8 g; t = 2.22, P = 0.05). In response to furosemide, horses lost 962 +/- 79.7 and consumed 2,170 +/- 5 meq sodium; however, compared with control, they lost 955 meq more sodium and ingested only 570 meq more sodium, so they were undercompensating for natriuresis. The furosemide-treated horses drank 9.6 +/- 0.8 kg of water, significantly more than when they received the control injection (6.4 +/- 0.8 kg; t = 6.9, P less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Address Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-6401
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ISSN 8750-7587 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:1778936 Approved no
Call Number (down) refbase @ user @ Serial 38
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Author Stahlbaum, C.C.; Houpt, K.A.
Title The role of the Flehmen response in the behavioral repertoire of the stallion Type Journal Article
Year 1989 Publication Physiology & behavior Abbreviated Journal Physiol. Behav.
Volume 45 Issue 6 Pages 1207-1214
Keywords Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Circadian Rhythm; Discrimination (Psychology)/physiology; Estrus; Feces; Female; Horses/*physiology; Male; Sexual Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Smell/*physiology; Taste/physiology; Urine
Abstract The role of the Flehmen response in equine behavior was investigated under field and laboratory conditions. In Experiment 1, a field study made of five stallions on pasture with between three and eighteen mares each during the season indicated the following: 1) The Flehmen response was most frequently preceded by nasal, rather than oral, investigation of substances; 2) The stallions' rate of Flehmen varied with the estrous cycles of the mares; 3) The rate of Flehmen response did not show a variation with time of day; and 4) The Flehmen response was most frequently followed by marking behaviors rather than courtship behaviors. The results suggest that the Flehmen response is not an immediate component of sexual behavior, e.g., courtship of the stallion but may be involved in the overall monitoring of the mare's estrous cycle. Therefore the Flehmen response may contribute to the chemosensory priming of the stallion for reproduction. In Experiment 2 stallions were presented with urine or feces of mares in various stages of the reproductive cycle as well as with their own or other males' urine or feces. The occurrence of sniffing and Flehmen was used to determine the discriminatory ability of the stallions. Stallions can differentiate the sex of a horse on the basis of its feces alone, but cannot differentiate on the basis of urine. This ability may explain the function of fecal marking behavior of stallions.
Address New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853
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Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN 0031-9384 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:2813545 Approved no
Call Number (down) refbase @ user @ Serial 44
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Author Houpt, K.A.; Thornton, S.N.; Allen, W.R.
Title Vasopressin in dehydrated and rehydrated ponies Type Journal Article
Year 1989 Publication Physiology & behavior Abbreviated Journal Physiol. Behav.
Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages 659-661
Keywords Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Dehydration/*blood; Drinking Behavior/*physiology; Female; Horses/*blood; Osmolar Concentration; Reaction Time; Time Factors; Vasopressins/*blood
Abstract Six pony mares deprived of water for 24 hours showed significant increases in plasma vasopressin (2.8 pg/ml) and osmolality (9 mosmol/kg). When water was made available the ponies drank rapidly (5 of 6 drank to satiety within 90 seconds) and corrected their fluid deficits precisely. Vasopressin did not return to predehydration levels until osmolality did after 15 minutes of access to water. The horse differs from rodents and humans, but is similar to pigs in that vasopressin levels do not fall before osmolality returns to normal. Oropharyngeal factors, therefore, may not be as important in vasopressin release in horses as in other species.
Address New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853-6401
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Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0031-9384 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:2756059 Approved no
Call Number (down) refbase @ user @ Serial 45
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Author Shaw, E.B.; Houpt, K.A.; Holmes, D.F.
Title Body temperature and behaviour of mares during the last two weeks of pregnancy Type Journal Article
Year 1988 Publication Equine veterinary journal Abbreviated Journal Equine Vet J
Volume 20 Issue 3 Pages 199-202
Keywords Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Body Temperature; Circadian Rhythm; Eating; Female; Horses/*physiology; Labor, Obstetric/*physiology; Motor Activity; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Animal/*physiology
Abstract Average daily core body temperature and behavioural patterns of pregnant mares were studied, in search of definitive signs of parturition within 24 h of the event. Nineteen pony mares were sampled twice daily for core body temperature. A significant temperature drop, averaging 0.1 degrees C (0.2 degrees F) was observed during the day prior to parturition. Between 18.00 h and 06.00 h, during the two weeks before parturition, Thoroughbred and Standardbred mares (n = 52) spent an average 66.8 per cent of their time standing, 27.0 per cent eating, 4.9 per cent lying in sternal recumbency, 1.0 per cent lying in lateral recumbency, and 0.3 per cent walking. On the night before parturition, mares spent significantly less time lying in sternal recumbency than on previous nights and on the night of parturition all behaviour patterns except eating were significantly different from the nights of the two weeks before parturition. There was an increase in walking (5.3 per cent), lying in sternal recumbency (8 per cent) and lying in lateral recumbency (5.3 per cent) whereas standing (53.3 per cent) was decreased. In 58 observed pregnancies, 54 mares (97 per cent) foaled in a recumbent position and 50 mares (86 per cent) foaled between 18.00 h and 06.00 h.
Address Department of Physiology, New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853
Corporate Author Thesis
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Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0425-1644 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:3402416 Approved no
Call Number (down) refbase @ user @ Serial 46
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Author Houpt, K.A.; Perry, P.J.; Hintz, H.F.; Houpt, T.R.
Title Effect of meal frequency on fluid balance and behavior of ponies Type Journal Article
Year 1988 Publication Physiology & behavior Abbreviated Journal Physiol. Behav.
Volume 42 Issue 5 Pages 401-407
Keywords Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Blood Proteins/analysis; *Eating; Female; Hematocrit; Horses/blood/*physiology; Osmolar Concentration; *Water-Electrolyte Balance
Abstract Twelve ponies were fed their total daily ration either as one large meal or divided into six small meals. Pre- and post-feeding behavior was recorded six times a day. Blood samples were taken for 30 min before and two hr after the meal. Plasma protein increased from 7.0 to a peak of 7.3 g/dl with small meals and from 7.3 to 8.1 g/dl with large meals, and returned to pre-feeding levels by 90 min post-feeding. Hematocrit rose from 33.3 to 34.1% with small meals and from 33.0 to 36.0% with large meals. These rapid and short-lived increases indicate a decrease in plasma volume. Plasma osmolality rose with feeding from 283 to 285 mosmoles/kg with small meals and from 281 to 288 mosmoles/kg with large meals. Water availability had no significant effect on blood changes. Digestibility and rate of passage were measured with chromic oxide, but there were no differences. Vocalizing (neighing) and walking occurred more often before than after feeding, while eating bedding and engaging in other oral behaviors were more frequent after feeding.
Address Department of Physiology, New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0031-9384 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:3393599 Approved no
Call Number (down) refbase @ user @ Serial 47
Permanent link to this record