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	Author	Müller, A. E.; Thalmann, U.
	Title	Origin and evolution of primate social organisation: a reconstruction			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	Biological Reviews	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	75	Issue		Pages	405-435
	Keywords	social organisation; evolution; ancestral primate; strepsirhines; nocturnal prosimians; lemurs; lorisiforms; dispersed multi-male system; promiscuity.
	Abstract	Abstract The evolution and origin of primate social organisation has attracted the attention of many researchers, and a solitary pattern, believed to be present in most nocturnal prosimians, has been generally considered as the most primitive system. Nocturnal prosimians are in fact mostly seen alone during their nightly activities and therefore termed “solitary foragers”, but that does not mean that they are not social. Moreover, designating their social organisation as “solitary”, implies that their way of life is uniform in all species. It has, however, emerged over the last decades that all of them exhibit not only some kind of social network but also that those networks differ among species. There is a need to classify these social networks in the same manner as with group-living (gregarious) animals if we wish to link up the different forms of primate social organisation with ecological, morphological or phylogenetic variables. In this review, we establish a basic classification based on spatial relations and sociality in order to describe and cope properly with the social organisation patterns of the different species of nocturnal prosimians and other mammals that do not forage in cohesive groups. In attempting to trace the ancestral pattern of primate social organisation, the Malagasy mouse and dwarf lemurs and the Afro-Asian bushbabies and lorises are of special interest because they are thought to approach the ancestral conditions most closely. These species have generally been believed to exhibit a dispersed harem system as their pattern of social organisation (“dispersed” means that individuals forage solitarily but exhibit a social network). Therefore, the ancestral pattern of primate social organisation was inferred to be a dispersed harem. In fact, new field data on cheirogaleids combined with a review of patterns of social organisation in strepsirhines (lemurs, bushbabies and lorises) revealed that they exhibit either dispersed multi-male systems or dispersed monogamy rather than a dispersed harem system. Therefore, the concept of a dispersed harem system as the ancestral condition of primate social organisation can no longer be supported. In combination with data on social organisation patterns in “primitive” placentals and marsupials, and in monotremes, it is in fact most probable that promiscuity is the ancestral pattern for mammalian social organisation. Subsequently, a dispersed multi-male system derived from promiscuity should be regarded as the ancestral condition for primates. We further suggest that the gregarious patterns of social organisation in Aotus and Avahi, and the dispersed form in Tarsius evolved from the gregarious patterns of diurnal primates rather than from the dispersed nocturnal type. It is consequently proposed that, in addition to Aotus and Tarsius, Avahi is also secondarily nocturnal.
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	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4257
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	Author	Sinha, A.
	Title	Knowledge acquired and decisions made: triadic interactions during allogrooming in wild bonnet macaques, Macaca radiata			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
	Volume	353	Issue	1368	Pages	619-631
	Keywords	Aggression; Animals; Cognition; Computer Simulation; Decision Making; Evolution; Female; Grooming; Logistic Models; Macaca radiata/psychology; Social Behavior; Social Dominance
	Abstract	The pressures of developing and maintaining intricate social relationships may have led to the evolution of enhanced cognitive abilities in many nonhuman primates. Knowledge of the dominance ranks and social relationships of other individuals, in particular, is important in evaluating one's position in the rank hierarchy and affiliative networks. Triadic interactions offer an excellent opportunity to examine whether decisions are taken by individuals on the basis of such knowledge. Allogrooming supplants among wild female bonnet macaques (macaca radiata) usually involved the subordinate female of a grooming dyad retreating at the approach of a female dominant to both members of the dyad. In a few exceptional cases, however, the dominant member of the dyad retreated; simple non-cognitive hypotheses involving dyadic rank differences and agonistic relationships failed to explain this phenomenon. Instead, retreat by the dominant individual was positively correlated with the social attractiveness of her subordinate companion (as measured by the duration of grooming received by the latter from other females in the troop). This suggests that not only does an individual evaluate relationships among other females, but does so on the basis of the amount of grooming received by them. Similarly, the frequency of approaches received by any female was correlated with her social attractiveness when she was the dominant member of the dyad, but not when she was the subordinate. This indicated that approaching females might be aware of the relative dominance ranks of the two allogrooming individuals. In logistic regression analyses, the probability of any individual retreating was found to be influenced more by her knowledge of her rank difference with both the other interactants, rather than by their absolute ranks. Moreover, information about social attractiveness appeared to be used in terms of correlated dominance ranks. The nature of knowledge acquired by bonnet macaque females may thus be egotistical in that other individuals are evaluated relative to oneself, integrative in that information about all other interactants is used simultaneously, and hierarchical in the ability to preferentially use certain categories of knowledge for the storage of related information from other domains.
	Address	National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR Centre, Bangalore, India
	Corporate Author				Thesis
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	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0962-8436	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:9602536			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4362
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	Author	Berger, J.
	Title	Induced abortion and social factors in wild horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1983	Publication	Nature	Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	303	Issue	5912	Pages	59-61
	Keywords	Abortion, Induced/veterinary; Abortion, Veterinary/etiology; Aggression/physiology; Animals; Evolution; Female; Horses/physiology; Humans; Pregnancy; Sexual Behavior, Animal/physiology
	Abstract	Much evidence now suggests that the postnatal killing of young in primates and carnivores, and induced abortions in some rodents, are evolved traits exerting strong selective pressures on adult male and female behaviour. Among ungulates it is perplexing that either no species have developed convergent tactics or that these behaviours are not reported, especially as ungulates have social systems similar to those of members of the above groups. Only in captive horses (Equus caballus) has infant killing been reported. It has been estimated that 40,000 wild horses live in remote areas of the Great Basin Desert of North America (US Department of Interior (Bureau of Land Management), unpublished report), where they occur in harems (females and young) defended by males. Here I present evidence that, rather than killing infants directly, invading males induce abortions in females unprotected by their resident stallions and these females are then inseminated by the new males.
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	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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	ISSN	0028-0836	ISBN		Medium
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	Notes	PMID:6682487			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4365
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	Author	Rogers, L.J.
	Title	Evolution of hemispheric specialization: advantages and disadvantages			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	Brain and Language	Abbreviated Journal	Brain Lang
	Volume	73	Issue	2	Pages	236-253
	Keywords	Aggression/psychology; Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Brain/physiology; Chickens/physiology; Evolution; Feeding Behavior/physiology; Functional Laterality/*physiology; Visual Fields/physiology; Visual Perception/physiology
	Abstract	Lateralization of the brain appeared early in evolution and many of its features appear to have been retained, possibly even in humans. We now have a considerable amount of information on the different forms of lateralization in a number of species, and the commonalities of these are discussed, but there has been relatively little investigation of the advantages of being lateralized. This article reports new findings on the differences between lateralized and nonlateralized chicks. The lateralized chicks were exposed to light for 24 h on day 19 of incubation, a treatment known to lead to lateralization of a number of visually guided responses, and the nonlateralized chicks were incubated in the dark. When they were feeding, the lateralized chicks were found to detect a stimulus resembling a raptor with shorter latency than nonlateralized chicks. This difference was not a nonspecific effect caused by the light-exposed chicks being more distressed by the stimulus. Instead, it appears to be a genuine advantage conferred by having a lateralized brain. It is suggested that having a lateralized brain allows dual attention to the tasks of feeding (right eye and left hemisphere) and vigilance for predators (left eye and right hemisphere). Nonlateralized chicks appear to perform these dual tasks less efficiently than lateralized ones. Reference is made to other species in discussing these results.
	Address	Division of Zoology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia. lrogers@metz.une.edu.au
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	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0093-934X	ISBN		Medium
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	Notes	PMID:10856176			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4621
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	Author	Vallortigara, G.; Rogers, L.J.
	Title	Survival with an asymmetrical brain: advantages and disadvantages of cerebral lateralization			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	The Behavioral and Brain Sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Behav Brain Sci
	Volume	28	Issue	4	Pages	575-89; discussion 589-633
	Keywords	Animals; Attention/physiology; Behavior/physiology; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Dominance, Cerebral/physiology; *Evolution; Humans; Models, Biological; Visual Perception/physiology
	Abstract	Recent evidence in natural and semi-natural settings has revealed a variety of left-right perceptual asymmetries among vertebrates. These include preferential use of the left or right visual hemifield during activities such as searching for food, agonistic responses, or escape from predators in animals as different as fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. There are obvious disadvantages in showing such directional asymmetries because relevant stimuli may be located to the animal's left or right at random; there is no a priori association between the meaning of a stimulus (e.g., its being a predator or a food item) and its being located to the animal's left or right. Moreover, other organisms (e.g., predators) could exploit the predictability of behavior that arises from population-level lateral biases. It might be argued that lateralization of function enhances cognitive capacity and efficiency of the brain, thus counteracting the ecological disadvantages of lateral biases in behavior. However, such an increase in brain efficiency could be obtained by each individual being lateralized without any need to align the direction of the asymmetry in the majority of the individuals of the population. Here we argue that the alignment of the direction of behavioral asymmetries at the population level arises as an “evolutionarily stable strategy” under “social” pressures occurring when individually asymmetrical organisms must coordinate their behavior with the behavior of other asymmetrical organisms of the same or different species.
	Address	Department of Psychology and B.R.A.I.N. Centre for Neuroscience, University of Trieste, 34123 Trieste, Italy. vallorti@univ.trieste.it
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0140-525X	ISBN		Medium
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	Notes	PMID:16209828			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4622
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	Author	Corballis, M.C.
	Title	Of mice and men – and lopsided birds			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2008	Publication	Cortex	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	44	Issue	1	Pages	3-7
	Keywords	Cerebral asymmetry; Handedness; Evolution; Laterality
	Abstract	The article by Zucca and Sovrano (2008, this issue) represents part of a new wave of studies of lateralization in nonhuman species. This work is often in conflict with earlier studies of human cerebral asymmetry and handedness, and the associated claim that these asymmetries are uniquely human, and perhaps even a result of the “speciation event” that led to modern humans. It is now apparent that there are close parallels between human and nonhuman asymmetries, suggesting that they have ancient roots. I argue that asymmetries must be seen in the context of a bilaterally symmetrical body plan, and that there is a balance to be struck between the adaptive advantages of symmetry and asymmetry. In human evolution, systematic asymmetries were incorporated into activities that probably are unique to our species, but the precursors of these asymmetries are increasingly evident in other species, including frogs, fish, birds, and mammals – especially primates.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4634
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	Author	Dreier, S.; van Zweden, J.S.; D'Ettorre, P.
	Title	Long-term memory of individual identity in ant queens			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Biology Letters	Abbreviated Journal	Biol Lett
	Volume	3	Issue	5	Pages	459-462
	Keywords	Aggression; Animals; Ants/physiology; Conditioning, Operant; Evolution; Female; Memory; *Recognition (Psychology); Social Dominance
	Abstract	Remembering individual identities is part of our own everyday social life. Surprisingly, this ability has recently been shown in two social insects. While paper wasps recognize each other individually through their facial markings, the ant, Pachycondyla villosa, uses chemical cues. In both species, individual recognition is adaptive since it facilitates the maintenance of stable dominance hierarchies among individuals, and thus reduces the cost of conflict within these small societies. Here, we investigated individual recognition in Pachycondyla ants by quantifying the level of aggression between pairs of familiar or unfamiliar queens over time. We show that unrelated founding queens of P. villosa and Pachycondyla inversa store information on the individual identity of other queens and can retrieve it from memory after 24h of separation. Thus, we have documented for the first time that long-term memory of individual identity is present and functional in ants. This novel finding represents an advance in our understanding of the mechanism determining the evolution of cooperation among unrelated individuals.
	Address	Institute of Biology, Department of Population Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. sdreier@bi.ku.dk
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	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1744-9561	ISBN		Medium
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	Notes	PMID:17594958			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4649
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	Author	Lefebvre, L.; Reader, S.M.; Sol, D.
	Title	Brains, Innovations and Evolution in Birds and Primates			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Brain, Behavior and Evolution	Abbreviated Journal	Brain. Behav. Evol.
	Volume	63	Issue	4	Pages	233-246
	Keywords	Innovation W Brain evolution W Hyperstriatum ventrale W Neostriatum W Isocortex W Birds W Primates W Tool use W Invasion biology
	Abstract	Abstract Several comparative research programs have focusedon the cognitive, life history and ecological traits thataccount for variation in brain size. We review one ofthese programs, a program that uses the reported frequencyof behavioral innovation as an operational measureof cognition. In both birds and primates, innovationrate is positively correlated with the relative size of associationareas in the brain, the hyperstriatum ventrale andneostriatum in birds and the isocortex and striatum inprimates. Innovation rate is also positively correlatedwith the taxonomic distribution of tool use, as well asinterspecific differences in learning. Some features ofcognition have thus evolved in a remarkably similar wayin primates and at least six phyletically-independent avianlineages. In birds, innovation rate is associated withthe ability of species to deal with seasonal changes in theenvironment and to establish themselves in new regions,and it also appears to be related to the rate atwhich lineages diversify. Innovation rate provides a usefultool to quantify inter-taxon differences in cognitionand to test classic hypotheses regarding the evolution ofthe brain.
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	ISSN	0006-8977	ISBN		Medium
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4738
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	Author	Pérez-Barbería, F.J.; Shultz, S.; Dunbar, R.I.M.; Janis, C.
	Title	Evidence For Coevolution Of Sociality And Relative Brain Size In Three Orders Of Mammals			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Evolution	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	61	Issue	12	Pages	2811-2821
	Keywords	Brain size, carnivores, coevolution, primates, sociality, ungulates
	Abstract	Abstract As the brain is responsible for managing an individual's behavioral response to its environment, we should expect that large relative brain size is an evolutionary response to cognitively challenging behaviors. The â€œsocial brain hypothesisâ€ argues that maintaining group cohesion is cognitively demanding as individuals living in groups need to be able to resolve conflicts that impact on their ability to meet resource requirements. If sociality does impose cognitive demands, we expect changes in relative brain size and sociality to be coupled over evolutionary time. In this study, we analyze data on sociality and relative brain size for 206 species of ungulates, carnivores, and primates and provide, for the first time, evidence that changes in sociality and relative brain size are closely correlated over evolutionary time for all three mammalian orders. This suggests a process of coevolution and provides support for the social brain theory. However, differences between taxonomic orders in the stability of the transition between small-brained/nonsocial and large-brained/social imply that, although sociality is cognitively demanding, sociality and relative brain size can become decoupled in some cases. Carnivores seem to have been especially prone to this.
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	Notes	doi: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00229.x			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4781
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	Author	Barton, R.A.
	Title	Neocortex size and behavioural ecology in primates			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Proceedings of the Royal Society B	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B
	Volume	263	Issue	1367	Pages	173-177
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Brain/anatomy & histology; Cerebral Cortex/anatomy & histology/physiology; Ecology; Evolution; Primates/anatomy & histology/physiology/psychology; Regression Analysis; Species Specificity
	Abstract	The neocortex is widely held to have been the focus of mammalian brain evolution, but what selection pressures explain the observed diversity in its size and structure? Among primates, comparative studies suggest that neocortical evolution is related to the cognitive demands of sociality, and here I confirm that neocortex size and social group size are positively correlated once phylogenetic associations and overall brain size are taken into account. This association holds within haplorhine but not strepsirhine primates. In addition, the neocortex is larger in diurnal than in nocturnal primates, and among diurnal haplorhines its size is positively correlated with the degree of frugivory. These ecological correlates reflect the diverse sensory-cognitive functions of the neocortex.
	Address	Department of Anthropology, University of Durham
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0962-8452	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8728982			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4783
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