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| Author | Shoshani, J.; Kupsky, W.J.; Marchant, G.H. | ||||
| Title | Elephant brain. Part I: gross morphology, functions, comparative anatomy, and evolution | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Brain Research Bulletin | Abbreviated Journal  |
Brain Res Bull |
| Volume | 70 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 124-157 |
| Keywords | Animals; Brain/*anatomy & histology/blood supply/*physiology; Cats; Chinchilla; Elephants/*anatomy & histology/*physiology; Equidae; *Evolution; Female; Guinea Pigs; Haplorhini; Humans; Hyraxes; Male; Pan troglodytes; Sheep; Wolves | ||||
| Abstract | We report morphological data on brains of four African, Loxodonta africana, and three Asian elephants, Elephas maximus, and compare findings to literature. Brains exhibit a gyral pattern more complex and with more numerous gyri than in primates, humans included, and in carnivores, but less complex than in cetaceans. Cerebral frontal, parietal, temporal, limbic, and insular lobes are well developed, whereas the occipital lobe is relatively small. The insula is not as opercularized as in man. The temporal lobe is disproportionately large and expands laterally. Humans and elephants have three parallel temporal gyri: superior, middle, and inferior. Hippocampal sizes in elephants and humans are comparable, but proportionally smaller in elephant. A possible carotid rete was observed at the base of the brain. Brain size appears to be related to body size, ecology, sociality, and longevity. Elephant adult brain averages 4783 g, the largest among living and extinct terrestrial mammals; elephant neonate brain averages 50% of its adult brain weight (25% in humans). Cerebellar weight averages 18.6% of brain (1.8 times larger than in humans). During evolution, encephalization quotient has increased by 10-fold (0.2 for extinct Moeritherium, approximately 2.0 for extant elephants). We present 20 figures of the elephant brain, 16 of which contain new material. Similarities between human and elephant brains could be due to convergent evolution; both display mosaic characters and are highly derived mammals. Humans and elephants use and make tools and show a range of complex learning skills and behaviors. In elephants, the large amount of cerebral cortex, especially in the temporal lobe, and the well-developed olfactory system, structures associated with complex learning and behavioral functions in humans, may provide the substrate for such complex skills and behavior. | ||||
| Address | Department of Biology, University of Asmara, P.O. Box 1220, Asmara, Eritrea (Horn of Africa). hezy@bio.uoa.edu.er | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0361-9230 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:16782503 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2623 | ||
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| Author | Macphail, E.M. | ||||
| Title | Cognitive function in mammals: the evolutionary perspective | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Brain research. Cognitive brain research | Abbreviated Journal |
Brain Res Cogn Brain Res |
| Volume | 3 | Issue | 3-4 | Pages | 279-290 |
| Keywords | Animals; Cognition/*physiology; Conditioning (Psychology)/*physiology; Evolution; Humans; Learning/*physiology; Task Performance and Analysis | ||||
| Abstract | The work of behavioural pharmacologists has concentrated on small animals, such as rodents and pigeons. The validity of extrapolation of their findings to humans depends upon the existence of parallels in both physiology and psychology between these animals and humans. This paper considers the question whether there are in fact substantial cognitive parallels between, first, different non-human groups of vertebrates and, second, non-humans and humans. Behavioural data from 'simple' tasks, such as habituation and conditioning, do not point to species differences among vertebrates. Using examples that concentrate on the performance of rodents and birds, it is argued that, similarly, data from more complex tasks (learning-set formation, transitive inference, and spatial memory serve as examples) reveal few if any cognitive differences amongst non-human vertebrates. This conclusion supports the notion that association formation may be the critical problem-solving process available to non-human animals; associative mechanisms are assumed to have evolved to detect causal links between events, and would therefore be relevant in all ecological niches. In agreement with this view, recent advances in comparative neurology show striking parallels in functional organisation of mammalian and avian telencephalon. Finally, it is argued that although the peculiarly human capacity for language marks a large cognitive contrast between humans and non-humans, there is good evidence-in particular, from work on implicit learning--that the learning mechanisms available to non--humans are present and do play an important role in human cognition. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, University of York at Heslington, UK | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0926-6410 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:8806029 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 603 | ||
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| Author | Lefebvre, L.; Reader, S.M.; Sol, D. | ||||
| Title | Brains, Innovations and Evolution in Birds and Primates | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Brain, Behavior and Evolution | Abbreviated Journal |
Brain. Behav. Evol. |
| Volume | 63 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 233-246 |
| Keywords | Innovation W Brain evolution W Hyperstriatum ventrale W Neostriatum W Isocortex W Birds W Primates W Tool use W Invasion biology | ||||
| Abstract | Abstract Several comparative research programs have focusedon the cognitive, life history and ecological traits thataccount for variation in brain size. We review one ofthese programs, a program that uses the reported frequencyof behavioral innovation as an operational measureof cognition. In both birds and primates, innovationrate is positively correlated with the relative size of associationareas in the brain, the hyperstriatum ventrale andneostriatum in birds and the isocortex and striatum inprimates. Innovation rate is also positively correlatedwith the taxonomic distribution of tool use, as well asinterspecific differences in learning. Some features ofcognition have thus evolved in a remarkably similar wayin primates and at least six phyletically-independent avianlineages. In birds, innovation rate is associated withthe ability of species to deal with seasonal changes in theenvironment and to establish themselves in new regions,and it also appears to be related to the rate atwhich lineages diversify. Innovation rate provides a usefultool to quantify inter-taxon differences in cognitionand to test classic hypotheses regarding the evolution ofthe brain. |
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| ISSN | 0006-8977 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4738 | ||
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| Author | Parker, S.T. | ||||
| Title | A general model for the adaptive function of self-knowledge in animals and humans | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1997 | Publication | Consciousness and Cognition | Abbreviated Journal |
Conscious Cogn |
| Volume | 6 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 75-86 |
| Keywords | *Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; *Awareness; Concept Formation; Evolution; Humans; Phylogeny; *Self Concept; Species Specificity | ||||
| Abstract | This article offers a general definition of self-knowledge that embraces all forms and levels of self-knowledge in animals and humans. It is hypothesized that various levels of self-knowledge constitute an ordinal scale such that each species in a lineage displays the forms of self-knowledge found in related species as well as new forms it and its sister species may have evolved. Likewise, it is hypothesized that these various forms of levels of self-knowledge develop in the sequence in which they evolved. Finally, a general hypothesis for the functional significance of self-knowledge is proposed along with subhypotheses regarding the adaptive significance of various levels of self-knowledge in mammals including human and nonhuman primates. The general hypothesis is that self-knowledge serves as a standard for assessing the qualities of conspecifics compared to those of the self. Such assessment is crucial to deciding among alternative reproductive and subsistence strategies. The qualities that are assessed, which vary across taxa, range from the size and strength of the self to its mathematical or musical abilities. This so-called assessment model of self-knowledge is based on evolutionary biological models for social selection and the role of assessment in animal communication. | ||||
| Address | Anthropology Department, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California, USA. Parker@Sonoma.edu | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1053-8100 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:9170562 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4160 | ||
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| Author | Hare, B.; Plyusnina, I.; Ignacio, N.; Schepina, O.; Stepika, A.; Wrangham, R.; Trut, L. | ||||
| Title | Social cognitive evolution in captive foxes is a correlated by-product of experimental domestication | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Current biology : CB | Abbreviated Journal |
Curr Biol |
| Volume | 15 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 226-230 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Animals, Domestic; Cognition/*physiology; *Cues; *Evolution; Foxes/*physiology; *Selection (Genetics); Social Behavior; Species Specificity | ||||
| Abstract | Dogs have an unusual ability for reading human communicative gestures (e.g., pointing) in comparison to either nonhuman primates (including chimpanzees) or wolves . Although this unusual communicative ability seems to have evolved during domestication , it is unclear whether this evolution occurred as a result of direct selection for this ability, as previously hypothesized , or as a correlated by-product of selection against fear and aggression toward humans--as is the case with a number of morphological and physiological changes associated with domestication . We show here that fox kits from an experimental population selectively bred over 45 years to approach humans fearlessly and nonaggressively (i.e., experimentally domesticated) are not only as skillful as dog puppies in using human gestures but are also more skilled than fox kits from a second, control population not bred for tame behavior (critically, neither population of foxes was ever bred or tested for their ability to use human gestures) . These results suggest that sociocognitive evolution has occurred in the experimental foxes, and possibly domestic dogs, as a correlated by-product of selection on systems mediating fear and aggression, and it is likely the observed social cognitive evolution did not require direct selection for improved social cognitive ability. | ||||
| Address | Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. hare@eva.mpg.de | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0960-9822 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:15694305 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 594 | ||
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| Author | Dall, Sasha R. X; Houston, Alasdair I.; McNamara, John M. | ||||
| Title | The behavioural ecology of personality: consistent individual differences from an adaptive perspective | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Ecology Letters | Abbreviated Journal |
Ecol. Letters |
| Volume | 7 | Issue | Pages | 734-739 | |
| Keywords | Adaptive individual differences, behavioural ecology, behavioural syndromes, evolutionary game theory, life history strategies, personality differences, state-dependent dynamic programming | ||||
| Abstract | Individual humans, and members of diverse other species, show consistent differences in aggressiveness, shyness, sociability and activity. Such intraspecific differences in behaviour have been widely assumed to be non-adaptive variation surrounding (possibly) adaptive population-average behaviour. Nevertheless, in keeping with recent calls to apply Darwinian reasoning to ever-finer scales of biological variation, we sketch the fundamentals of an adaptive theory of consistent individual differences in behaviour. Our thesis is based on the notion that such .personality differences. can be selected for if fitness payoffs are dependent on both the frequencies with which competing strategies are played and an individual`s behavioural history. To this end, we review existing models that illustrate this and propose a game theoretic approach to analyzing personality differences that is both dynamic and state-dependent. Our motivation is to provide insights into the evolution and maintenance of an apparently common animal trait: personality, which has far reaching ecological and evolutionary implications. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 494 | ||
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| Author | Goodwin, D. | ||||
| Title | The importance of ethology in understanding the behaviour of the horse | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1999 | Publication | Equine Veterinary Journal. Supplement | Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J Suppl |
| Volume | Issue | 28 | Pages | 15-19 | |
| Keywords | *Animal Husbandry; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Bonding, Human-Pet; Evolution; *Horses; Social Behavior | ||||
| Abstract | Domestication has provided the horse with food, shelter, veterinary care and protection, allowing individuals an increased chance of survival. However, the restriction of movement, limited breeding opportunities and a requirement to expend energy, for the benefit of another species, conflict with the evolutionary processes which shaped the behaviour of its predecessors. The behaviour of the horse is defined by its niche as a social prey species but many of the traits which ensured the survival of its ancestors are difficult to accommodate in the domestic environment. There has been a long association between horses and man and many features of equine behaviour suggest a predisposition to interspecific cooperation. However, the importance of dominance in human understanding of social systems has tended to overemphasize its importance in the human-horse relationship. The evolving horse-human relationship from predation to companionship, has resulted in serial conflicts of interest for equine and human participants. Only by understanding the nature and origin of these conflicts can ethologists encourage equine management practices which minimise deleterious effects on the behaviour of the horse. | ||||
| Address | Anthrozoology Institute, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton S016 7PX, UK | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Notes | PMID:11314229 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 1920 | ||
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| Author | Potts, R. | ||||
| Title | Variability selection in hominid evolution | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews | Abbreviated Journal |
Evol. Anthropol. |
| Volume | 7 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 81-96 |
| Keywords | variability selection; hominids; environment; adaptation; natural selection; evolution | ||||
| Abstract | Variability selection (abbreviated as VS) is a process considered to link adaptive change to large degrees of environment variability. Its application to hominid evolution is based, in part, on the pronounced rise in environmental remodeling that took place over the past several million years. The VS hypothesis differs from prior views of hominid evolution, which stress the consistent selective effects associated with specific habitats or directional trends (e.g., woodland, savanna expansion, cooling). According to the VS hypothesis, wide fluctuations over time created a growing disparity in adaptive conditions. Inconsistency in selection eventually caused habitat-specific adaptations to be replaced by structures and behaviors responsive to complex environmental change. Key hominid adaptations, in fact, emerged during times of heightened variability. Early bipedality, encephalized brains, and complex human sociality appear to signify a sequence of VS adaptations—i.e., a ratcheting up of versatility and responsiveness to novel environments experienced over the past 6 million years. The adaptive results of VS cannot be extrapolated from selection within a single environmental shift or relatively stable habitat. If some complex traits indeed require disparities in adaptive setting (and relative fitness) in order to evolve, the VS idea counters the prevailing view that adaptive change necessitates long-term, directional consistency in selection. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. | ||||
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| Publisher | John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1520-6505 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5461 | ||
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| Author | Jolly, A. | ||||
| Title | Pair-bonding, female aggression and the evolution of lemur societies | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Folia Primatologica; International Journal of Primatology | Abbreviated Journal |
Folia Primatol (Basel) |
| Volume | 69 Suppl 1 | Issue | Pages | 1-13 | |
| Keywords | *Aggression; Animals; Evolution; Female; Intelligence; Lemur/*psychology; Male; *Pair Bond; Sex Factors; Social Dominance; Strepsirhini/psychology | ||||
| Abstract | Lemur societies have been described as convergent with those of anthropoids, including Papio-like female-bonded multi-male groups. Recent research, however, shows at least 5 pair-bonded species among the Lemuridae and Indriidae. Three more, Eulemur mongoz, Eulemur fulvus and Varecia variegata, have societies combining aspects of pairing with aspects of troop life. The best-known female-bonded societies, those of Lemur catta, Propithecus diadema edwardsi and Propithecus verreauxi, may be assemblages of mother-daughter dyads, capable of high aggression towards other females, but derived from more solitary female ancestors, perhaps also living as pairs. The internal structure of such lemur groups differs from the more extensive kin groups of catarrhines. This in turn may relate to the lemurs' level of social intelligence and to lemur female dominance over males. | ||||
| Address | Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, N.J. 08544, USA. ajolly@princeton.edu | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0015-5713 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:9595685 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4179 | ||
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| Author | Yokoyama, S.; Radlwimmer, F.B. | ||||
| Title | The molecular genetics of red and green color vision in mammals | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1999 | Publication | Genetics | Abbreviated Journal |
Genetics |
| Volume | 153 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 919-932 |
| Keywords | Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Base Sequence; COS Cells; Cats; Color Perception/*genetics; DNA Primers; Deer; Dolphins; *Evolution, Molecular; Goats; Guinea Pigs; Horses; Humans; Mammals/*genetics/physiology; Mice; Molecular Sequence Data; Opsin/biosynthesis/chemistry/*genetics; *Phylogeny; Rabbits; Rats; Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sciuridae; Sequence Alignment; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; Transfection | ||||
| Abstract | To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of red-green color vision in mammals, we have cloned and sequenced the red and green opsin cDNAs of cat (Felis catus), horse (Equus caballus), gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), and guinea pig (Cavia porcellus). These opsins were expressed in COS1 cells and reconstituted with 11-cis-retinal. The purified visual pigments of the cat, horse, squirrel, deer, and guinea pig have lambdamax values at 553, 545, 532, 531, and 516 nm, respectively, which are precise to within +/-1 nm. We also regenerated the “true” red pigment of goldfish (Carassius auratus), which has a lambdamax value at 559 +/- 4 nm. Multiple linear regression analyses show that S180A, H197Y, Y277F, T285A, and A308S shift the lambdamax values of the red and green pigments in mammals toward blue by 7, 28, 7, 15, and 16 nm, respectively, and the reverse amino acid changes toward red by the same extents. The additive effects of these amino acid changes fully explain the red-green color vision in a wide range of mammalian species, goldfish, American chameleon (Anolis carolinensis), and pigeon (Columba livia). | ||||
| Address | Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA. syokoyam@mailbox.syr.edu | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0016-6731 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:10511567 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4063 | ||
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