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	Author	Lyda, R.O.; Hall, J.R.; Kirkpatrick, J.F.
	Title	A comparison of Freund's Complete and Freund's Modified Adjuvants used with a contraceptive vaccine in wild horses (Equus caballus)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians	Abbreviated Journal	J Zoo Wildl Med
	Volume	36	Issue	4	Pages	610-616
	Keywords	Animals; Antibody Formation; Contraception, Immunologic/veterinary; Estrus/drug effects; Female; Freund's Adjuvant/administration & dosage/adverse effects/immunology; Horses/immunology/physiology; Vaccines, Contraceptive; Zona Pellucida/*immunology
	Abstract	Fifteen captive wild mares (Equus caballus) were treated with porcine zona pellucida contraceptive vaccine and either Freund's Complete Adjuvant (n = 7) or Freund's Modified Adjuvant (n = 8). All mares received a booster inoculation of porcine zona pellucida plus Freund's Incomplete Adjuvant a month later. Anti-porcine zona pellucida antibodies were measured over 10 mo following the initial inoculation. There were no significant differences in antibody titers at any point during the 10 mo, and seven of the eight mares in the Freund's Modified Adjuvant group were above the 60% level at the end of the study, which is considered to be the contraceptive threshold for horses. There were no significant differences in titers between pregnant and nonpregnant horses, nor was there a significant correlation between age and titers. One local injection site reaction occurred after booster treatment with Freund's Incomplete Adjuvant, and 11 healthy foals were born during the course of the study. These data suggest that Freund's Modified Adjuvant is an acceptable substitute for Freund's Complete Adjuvant in certain free-ranging and captive wildlife species.
	Address	Science and Conservation Center, 2100 South Shiloh Road, Billings, Montana 59106, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1042-7260	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:17312717			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	139
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	Author	Elhay, M.; Newbold, A.; Britton, A.; Turley, P.; Dowsett, K.; Walker, J.
	Title	Suppression of behavioural and physiological oestrus in the mare by vaccination against GnRH			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Australian Veterinary Journal	Abbreviated Journal	Aust Vet J
	Volume	85	Issue	1-2	Pages	39-45
	Keywords	Animals; Antibodies/blood; Estradiol/blood; Estrus/drug effects/physiology; Female; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/immunology/pharmacology; Horses/physiology; Luteinizing Hormone/blood; Ovulation/*drug effects/physiology; Progesterone/blood; Safety; Sexual Behavior, Animal/drug effects/physiology; Time Factors; Vaccination/veterinary
	Abstract	OBJECTIVE: To examine the immunogenicity of an equine immunocontraceptive vaccine and its efficacy in controlling hormone-related behaviour. DESIGN: A total of 24 mares at two sites in Australia were vaccinated with an immunocontraceptive vaccine comprising gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) conjugated to a carrier protein in immunostimulating complex as an adjuvant. Twelve animals at each site received a placebo of adjuvant alone and served as controls for seasonal oestrus, hormonal and behaviour patterns. Animals were observed for injection site reactions, ovarian and follicular activity, and serum levels of antibody, 17beta-oestradiol and progesterone in the weeks following vaccination. Mares were also examined for oestrous behaviour by teasing with a stallion. RESULTS: All mares responded to vaccination. Two weeks following the second vaccination there was a peak in antibody response to GnRH that declined gradually over the following weeks. Commensurate with the elevated anti-GnRH antibody there was a marked effect on ovarian activity with a reduction in 17beta-oestradiol and progesterone levels in the 24 vaccinated mares. There was also a reduction of oestrus-related behaviour as determined by a teaser stallion. This effect lasted a minimum of 3 months and correlated with the initial level of antibody response. CONCLUSION: Following a conventional two-dose immunisation regime this commercially available equine immunocontraceptive vaccine was effective at inhibiting oestrous behaviour for at least 3 months. This vaccine has a high level of safety since there were no significant local reactions nor were there any adverse systemic responses to vaccination.
	Address	Veterinary Medicines Research and Development, Pfizer Animal Health, Parkville, VIC 3052. Martin.Elhay@pfizer.com
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0005-0423	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:17300452			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1831
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	Author	Healy, S.D.; Braham, S.R.; Braithwaite, V.A.
	Title	Spatial working memory in rats: no differences between the sexes			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Proceedings. Biological Sciences / The Royal Society	Abbreviated Journal	Proc Biol Sci
	Volume	266	Issue	1435	Pages	2303-2308
	Keywords	Animals; Estrus/metabolism; Female; Male; Memory/*physiology; Rats; Sex Factors; Swimming
	Abstract	In a number of mammalian species, males appear to have superior spatial abilities to females. The favoured explanations for this cognitive difference are hormonal, with higher testosterone levels in males than females leading to better spatial performance, and evolutionary, where sexual selection has favoured males with increased spatial abilities for either better navigational skills in hunting or to enable an increased territory size. However, an alternative explanation for this sex difference focuses on the role of varying levels of oestrogen in females in spatial cognition (the 'fertility and parental care' hypothesis). One possibility is that varying oestrogen levels result in variation in spatial learning and memory so that, when tested across the oestrous cycle, females perform as well as males on days of low oestrogen but more poorly on days of high oestrogen. If day in the oestrous cycle is not taken into account then, across an experiment, any sex differences found would always produce male superiority. We used a spatial working memory task in a Morris water maze to test the spatial learning and memory abilities of male and female rats. The rats were tested across a number of consecutive days during which the females went through four oestrous cycles. We found no overall sex differences in latencies to reach a submerged platform in a Morris water maze but, on the day of oestrus (low oestrogen), females took an extra swim to learn the platform's location (a 100% increase over the other days in the cycle). Female swim speed also varied across the oestrous cycle but females were no less active on the day of oestrus. These results oppose the predictions of the fertility and parental care hypothesis.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, UK. s.healey@ed.ac.uk
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0962-8452	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:10629980			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2818
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	Author	Stahlbaum, C.C.; Houpt, K.A.
	Title	The role of the Flehmen response in the behavioral repertoire of the stallion			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1989	Publication	Physiology & behavior	Abbreviated Journal	Physiol. Behav.
	Volume	45	Issue	6	Pages	1207-1214
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Circadian Rhythm; Discrimination (Psychology)/physiology; Estrus; Feces; Female; Horses/physiology; Male; Sexual Behavior, Animal/physiology; Smell/physiology; Taste/physiology; Urine
	Abstract	The role of the Flehmen response in equine behavior was investigated under field and laboratory conditions. In Experiment 1, a field study made of five stallions on pasture with between three and eighteen mares each during the season indicated the following: 1) The Flehmen response was most frequently preceded by nasal, rather than oral, investigation of substances; 2) The stallions' rate of Flehmen varied with the estrous cycles of the mares; 3) The rate of Flehmen response did not show a variation with time of day; and 4) The Flehmen response was most frequently followed by marking behaviors rather than courtship behaviors. The results suggest that the Flehmen response is not an immediate component of sexual behavior, e.g., courtship of the stallion but may be involved in the overall monitoring of the mare's estrous cycle. Therefore the Flehmen response may contribute to the chemosensory priming of the stallion for reproduction. In Experiment 2 stallions were presented with urine or feces of mares in various stages of the reproductive cycle as well as with their own or other males' urine or feces. The occurrence of sniffing and Flehmen was used to determine the discriminatory ability of the stallions. Stallions can differentiate the sex of a horse on the basis of its feces alone, but cannot differentiate on the basis of urine. This ability may explain the function of fecal marking behavior of stallions.
	Address	New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0031-9384	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:2813545			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	44
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	Author	Keiper, R.; Houpt, K.
	Title	Reproduction in feral horses: an eight-year study			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1984	Publication	American journal of veterinary research	Abbreviated Journal	Am J Vet Res
	Volume	45	Issue	5	Pages	991-995
	Keywords	Abortion, Veterinary/epidemiology; Anestrus; Animal Population Groups/physiology; Animals; Animals, Wild/physiology; Birth Rate; Female; Fertility; Horse Diseases/epidemiology; Horses/physiology; Lactation; Male; Maryland; Pregnancy; Reproduction; Seasons; Sex Ratio; Virginia
	Abstract	The reproductive rate and foal survival of the free-ranging ponies on Assateague Island National Seashore were studied for 8 years, 1975 to 1982. Most (52%) of the 86 foals were born in May, 13% were born in April, 22.6% in June, 10.4% in July, and less than 1% in August and September. The mean foaling rate was 57.1 +/- 3.9% and the survival rate was 88.3 +/- 3.6%. Forty-eight colts and 55 fillies were born (sex ratio 53% female). Mares less than 3 years old did not foal and the foaling rate of 3-year-old mares was only 23%, that of 4-year-old mares was 46%, that of 5-year-old mares was 53%, and 6-year-old mares was 69%. The relatively poor reproduction rate was believed to be a consequence of the stress of lactating while carrying a foal when forage quality on the island was low. The hypothesis was supported by the higher reproductive rate (74.4 +/- 2.4%) of the ponies in the Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge on the southern part of the island. Their foals are weaned and sold in July each year. Despite the low reproductive rate on Assateague Island National Seashore , the number of ponies increased from 43 to 80, a 90% increase in the 8-year period or greater than 10%/yr. There were 24 deaths and 8 dispersals from the study area.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0002-9645	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:6732036			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	665
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	Author	McComb, K.; Clutton-Brock, T.
	Title	Is mate choice copying or aggregation responsible for skewed distributions of females on leks?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1994	Publication	Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society	Abbreviated Journal	Proc Biol Sci
	Volume	255	Issue	1342	Pages	13-19
	Keywords	Animals; Deer/physiology; Estrus/physiology; Female; Male; Phenotype; Sexual Behavior, Animal/physiology; Territoriality
	Abstract	In several lek-breeding populations of birds and mammals, females arriving on leks tend to join males that already have females in their territories. This might occur either because females have an evolved preference for mating with males that are attractive to other females, or because they join groups of other females to obtain greater safety from predation or dangerous harassment by males. We have previously used controlled experiments to show that oestrous fallow deer females join males with established harems because they are attracted to female groups rather than to the males themselves. Here we demonstrate that the preference for males with females over males without females is specific to oestrous females and weak or absent in anoestrous ones, and that it is not associated with a preference for mating with males that have previously been seen to mate with other females. Furthermore, oestrous females given the choice between males that do not already have females with them show no significant preference for antlered over deantlered males or for older males over younger ones. We conclude that female attraction to other females on the lek is likely to be an adaptation to avoiding harassment in mixed-sex herds. In this situation, a male's ability to maintain the cohesion of his harem may be the principal cause of variation in mating success between males.
	Address	Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, U.K
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0962-8452	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8153135			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1823
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	Author	Hrdy, S.B.
	Title	Male-male competition and infanticide among the langurs (Presbytis entellus) of Abu, Rajasthan			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1974	Publication	Folia Primatologica; International Journal of Primatology	Abbreviated Journal	Folia Primatol (Basel)
	Volume	22	Issue	1	Pages	19-58
	Keywords	Aggression; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Coitus; Competitive Behavior; Estrus; Feeding Behavior; Female; Haplorhini; Homing Behavior; Humans; India; Infanticide; Leadership; Male; Maternal Behavior; Population Density; Pregnancy; Rain; Seasons; Sex Factors; Sexual Behavior, Animal; Social Behavior; Temperature; Vocalization, Animal
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0015-5713	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:4215710			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2051
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	Author	Belonje, P.C.; van Niekerk, C.H.
	Title	A review of the influence of nutrition upon the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy in the mare			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1975	Publication	Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. Supplement	Abbreviated Journal	J Reprod Fertil Suppl
	Volume		Issue	23	Pages	167-169
	Keywords	Animals; Body Weight; Diet; Estrus; Female; Fertility; Fetal Resorption/prevention & control; Horses/*physiology; Pregnancy
	Abstract	Attention is drawn to the beneficial effect of improved nutrition during winter and early spring on the ovarian activity of mares. Furthermore, the necessity of an adequate plane of nutrition during early pregnancy to prevent embryonic resorption is stressed.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0449-3087	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:1060772			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2225
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	Author	Ferkin, M.; Combs, A.; delBarco-Trillo, J.; Pierce, A.; Franklin, S.
	Title	Meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus , have the capacity to recall the “what”, “where”, and “when” of a single past event			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2008	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	11	Issue	1	Pages	147-159
	Keywords	Recollection for what, when, and where – Voles – Reproductive state – Postpartum estrus
	Abstract	Abstract  Some non-human animals may possess the ability to recall the “what”, “where”, and “when” of a single past event. We tested the hypothesis that male meadow voles posses the capacity to recall the “what”, “where”, and “when” of a single past event associated with mate selection in two experiments. Briefly, male voles were allowed to explore an apparatus that contained two chambers. One chamber contained a day-20 pregnant female (24 h prepartum). The other chamber contained a sexually mature female that was neither pregnant nor lactating (REF female). Twenty-four hour after the exposure, the males were placed in the same apparatus, which was empty and clean. At this time, the pregnant female would have entered postpartum estrus (PPE), a period of heightened sexual receptivity. Males initially chose and spent significantly more time investigating the chamber that originally housed the pregnant female (now a PPE female) than the chamber that originally housed the REF female. Male voles also explored an apparatus containing a chamber with a PPE female and one chamber containing a REF female. Twenty-four hour later, males were placed into an empty and clean apparatus. The males did not display an initial choice and they spent similar amounts of time investigating the chamber that originally housed the PPE female (now a lactating female) and the chamber that originally housed the REF female. The results of these and additional experiments suggest that male voles may have the capacity to recall the “what”, “where”, and “when” of a single past event, which may allow males to remember the location of females who would currently be in heightened states of sexual receptivity.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ knut @			Serial	4215
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	Author	Hedberg, Y.; Dalin, A.-M.; Ohagen, P.; Holm, K.R.; Kindahl, H.
	Title	Effect of oestrous-cycle stage on the response of mares in a novel object test and isolation test			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Reproduction in Domestic Animals = Zuchthygiene	Abbreviated Journal	Reprod Domest Anim
	Volume	40	Issue	5	Pages	480-488
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Cross-Over Studies; Diestrus/physiology; Estrus/physiology; Female; Heart Rate/physiology; Horses/*physiology; Questionnaires
	Abstract	In various species, sex, hormonal treatments and oestrous-cycle stage have been shown to affect the animal's response in behavioural tests. Few such studies have been performed in the horse. The main aim of the present study was to investigate whether oestrous-cycle stage affects mares' response to a novel object test and isolation test and, in part, to study whether mares, assumed to suffer from oestrous-related behavioural problems, respond differently in these tests when compared with controls. Twelve mares were tested twice, in oestrus and dioestrus, in a crossover design. Seven behavioural and two heart rate variables were measured for the novel object test and two heart rate variables for the isolation test. Oestrous-cycle stage and whether a mare was classified as a 'problem' mare did not affect the mare's response. However, test order, i.e. the cycle stage a mare was tested in first, affected its reaction. This effect could partly be explained by significant differences between test occasions 1 and 2 in three behavioural variables and one heart rate variable (p < 0.05) in the novel object test. The mares explored the novel object more and had a higher mean heart rate in the first test. Exploring the novel object more could largely be attributed to those mares tested in dioestrus first, perhaps indicating that the mares in oestrus were less receptive to the novel object. The reason for the differences between test occasions could be an effect of learning or habituation.
	Address	Division of Comparative Reproduction, Obstetrics and Udder Health, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden. ylva.hedberg@kv.slu.se
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0936-6768	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16149956			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5170
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