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| Author | Hemelrijk,C. K.; Wantia,J.; Gygax,L. | ||||
| Title | The construction of dominance order: comparing performance of five methods using an individual-based model | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication  |
Behaviour | Abbreviated Journal | Behaviour |
| Volume | 142 | Issue | 8 | Pages | 1043-1064 |
| Keywords | dominance order, ranking method, agent-based model, statistical method, aggression | ||||
| Abstract | In studies of animal behaviour investigators correlate dominance with all kinds of behavioural variables, such as reproductive success and foraging success. Many methods are used to produce a dominance hierarchy from a matrix reflecting the frequency of winning dominance interactions. These different methods produce different hierarchies. However, it is difficult to decide which ranking method is best. In this paper, we offer a new procedure for this decision: we use an individual-based model, called DomWorld, as a test-environment. We choose this model, because it provides access to both the internal dominance values of artificial agents (which reflects their fighting power) and the matrix of winning and losing among them and, in addition, because its behavioural rules are biologically inspired and its group-level patterns resemble those of real primates. We compare statistically the dominance hierarchy based on the internal dominance values of the artificial agents with the dominance hierarchy produced by ranking individuals by (a) their total frequency of winning, (b) their average dominance index, (c) a refined dominance index, the David`s score, (d) the number of subordinates each individual has and (e) a ranking method based on maximizing the linear order of the hierarchy. Because dominance hierarchies may differ depending on group size, type of society, and the interval of study, we compare these ranking methods for these conditions.We study complete samples as well as samples randomly chosen to resemble the limitations of observing real animals. It appears that two methods of medium complexity (the average dominance index and David`s score) lead to hierarchical orders that come closest to the hierarchy based on internal dominance values of the agents. We advocate usage of the average dominance index, because of its computational simplicity. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 445 | ||
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| Author | Dow, M.; Ewing, A.W.; Sutherland, I. | ||||
| Title | Studies on the behaviour of cyprinodont fish. III. The temporal patterning of aggression in Aphyosemion striatum (Boulenger) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1976 | Publication |
Behaviour | Abbreviated Journal | Behaviour |
| Volume | 59 | Issue | 3-4 | Pages | 252-268 |
| Keywords | *Aggression; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Dominance-Subordination; *Fishes; Humans; Individuality; *Killifishes; Male; Time Factors | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0005-7959 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:1035107 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4151 | ||
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| Author | Barette, C.; Vandal, D. | ||||
| Title | Social rank, dominance, antler size, and access to food in snow-bound wild woodland caribou | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1986 | Publication |
Behaviour | Abbreviated Journal | Behaviour |
| Volume | 97 | Issue | 1-2 | Pages | 118-146 |
| Keywords | Canada; Quebec; Artiodactyla; Social dominance; Feeding behavior; Morphology; Antler; Rangifer tarandus; North America; America; Ungulata; Mammalia; Vertebrata | ||||
| Abstract | We spent two winters studying the social behaviour of wild woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) at a time when their main food (ground lichens; Cladina sp.) is available only at snow craters dug by the animals. The competition for access to such craters was severe, the animals constantly trying to take over the craters of others. During a two-month period when a group maintained a constant size (20) and composition (all age-sex classes represented), we could rank the animals in a rather linear dominance hierarchy (Landau's index = 0.87). Rank was correlated with access to resources, percent of time spent active, and percent of time feeding in craters. It was also correlated with age and antler size. However, rank is not an attribute of individuals, but of a relationship between individuals. As such it is only an intervening variable between physical attributes and access to resources, a variable whose value has meaning only within a given group. Among the three attributes studied (age, sex, antler size), the latter was by far the best predictor of the occurrence and outcome of interactions. Between two individuals within any of the three age-sex classes studied (adult and yearling males and adult females), the one with larger antlers initiated significantly more often, escalated its aggression (to the point of hitting the target) less often, and enjoyed a higher success rate in obtaining resources. When their antlers were larger than those of an adult male target (i.e. males that had shed their antlers), adult females won almost all their interactions with adult males even though they escalated only one fourth of them. This clarifies the long-standing speculation that female caribou have antlers and shed them later than males, in order to overcome their sexual handicap in competition for food in the winter. We conclude that the link between rank and dominance of an individual on one hand, and some of its attributes on the other (e.g. sex, age, weight, antler size) is fundamentally realized by the animal itself through its active preference for targets it is likely to beat, i.e. targets with smaller antlers. | ||||
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| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4269 | ||
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| Author | Heitor, F.; do Mar Oom, M.; Vicente, L. | ||||
| Title | Social relationships in a herd of Sorraia horses Part I. Correlates of social dominance and contexts of aggression | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication |
Behavioural Processes | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Process. |
| Volume | 73 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 170-177 |
| Keywords | Age Factors; *Aggression; Animals; Female; *Hierarchy, Social; Horses/*psychology; Male; Sex Factors; *Social Dominance; *Social Environment; Statistics, Nonparametric | ||||
| Abstract | Factors related to dominance rank and the functions of aggression were studied in a herd of Sorraia horses, Equus caballus, under extensive management. Subjects were 10 adult mares 5-18 years old and a stallion introduced into the group for breeding. Dominance relationships among mares were clear, irrespective of rank difference, and remained stable after introduction of the stallion. The dominance hierarchy was significantly linear and rank was positively correlated with age and total aggressiveness. Higher-ranking mares received lower frequency and intensity of agonistic interactions. Nevertheless, higher-ranking dominants were not more likely to elicit submission from their subordinates than lower-ranking dominants. Neither close-ranking mares nor mares with less clear dominance relationships were more aggressive towards each other. Agonistic interactions seemed to be used more importantly in regulation of space than to obtain access to food or to reassert dominance relationships. Contexts of aggression were related to mare rank. The results suggest that dominance relationships based on age as a conventional criterion were established to reduce aggressiveness in a herd where the costs of aggression are likely to outweigh the benefits. | ||||
| Address | Centro de Biologia Ambiental, Faculdade de Ciencias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Edificio C2, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0376-6357 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:16815645 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 292 | ||
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| Author | Hogue, M.-E.; Beaugrand, J.P.; Lague, P.C. | ||||
| Title | Coherent use of information by hens observing their former dominant defeating or being defeated by a stranger | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication |
Behavioural Processes | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Process. |
| Volume | 38 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 241-252 |
| Keywords | Domestic fowl; Dominance; Hierarchy formation; Observation; Transitive inference | ||||
| Abstract | This study examines the role of observation during the formation of triads in female domestic hens. Results indicate that during hierarchy formation, a hen observing agonistic interactions and conflict settlement between its former dominant and a stranger uses this information when in turn confronted by the latter. Under a first condition (E, N = 15 triads), bystanders witnessed their prior dominant being defeated by a stranger before being introduced to them. In a second condition (C1, N = 16 triads), bystanders witnessed the victory of their prior dominant over a stranger. In a third condition (C2, N = 15 triads), bystanders witnessed two strangers establishing a dominance relationship before being introduced to their prior dominant and to a stranger the former had just defeated. The behavioural strategies of bystanders depended on the issue of the conflict they had witnessed. Bystanders of the E condition behaved as having no chance of defeating the stranger. They never initiated an attack against it, and upon being attacked, readily submitted in turn to the stranger. On the contrary, bystanders of the C1 condition behaved as having some chances against the stranger. They initiated attacks in 50% of cases, and won 50% of conflicts against the stranger. Under condition C2, bystanders first initiated contact with the strangers in only 27% of cases, which approximates the average of their chances for defeating the stranger. However, bystanders finally defeated the strangers in 40% of cases. These results suggest that bystanders of conditions E and C1 gained some information on the relationship existing between their prior dominant and the stranger and that they used it coherently, perhaps through transitive inference, thus contributing to the existence of transitive relationships within the triads. Alternate explanations are examined. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 396 | ||
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| Author | Anderson, J.R.; Fornasieri, I.; Ludes, E.; Roeder, J.-J. | ||||
| Title | Social processes and innovative behaviour in changing groups of lemur fulvus | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1992 | Publication |
Behavioural Processes | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Process. |
| Volume | 27 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 101-112 |
| Keywords | Social learning; Lemur fulvus; Dominance; Individual differences | ||||
| Abstract | A group of brown lemurs was presented with one or two baited food-boxes requiring a specific type of motor response in order to be opened. Subsequently, four groups containing different combinations of experienced individuals from the original group and naive individuals were tested. Solutions to the problem and access to the food were recorded and considered in relation to social factors. In the original group, two adult males learned to open the boxes, with one male increasingly preventing the other from approaching. In the second group, with the subordinate male and certain females removed, the dominant male tolerated successful performances by a juvenile female. Group 3 consisted of three passive female participants from the original group and a naive female; one of the three original females now became the sole box-opener. The introduction of the subordinate male from the original group into the all-female group led to a sharing of box-opening by this subject and the skilled female. In the final group, intense aggression toward the skilled female by a new, naive adult male resulted in two previously passive females succeeding on some occasions. In lemurs, at least some `scroungers' appear able to learn to perform a new act when the social context permits. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 576 | ||
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| Author | Cloutier, S.; Newberry, R.C.; Honda, K. | ||||
| Title | Comparison of social ranks based on worm-running and aggressive behaviour in young domestic fowl | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication |
Behavioural Processes | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Process. |
| Volume | 65 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 79-86 |
| Keywords | Aggression; Social behaviour; Dominance; Play; Chickens; Animal welfare | ||||
| Abstract | Worm-running is behaviour in which a chick runs carrying a worm-like object while flock mates follow and attempt to grab the object from its beak. We hypothesised that social ranks based on worm-running frequency are stable over time and are positively correlated with social ranks based on success in aggressive interactions when older. At 8-12 days of age, we scored worm-running in 17 groups of 12 female White Leghorn chicks during three 10-min tests. Based on instantaneous scans at 5-s intervals, the bird carrying the `worm' most often was placed in rank one and so on down the rank order. These tests were repeated at 68-70 days of age. An aggression index for each bird was calculated as the number of aggressive acts given, divided by the number given and received, during three 1-h observation periods when the birds were 68-70 days. Ranks obtained in worm-running tests were positively correlated over the two age periods (P<0.05) but were not correlated with ranks based on the aggression index (P>0.05). Our results indicate that worm-running ranks are not predictive of success in aggressive interactions. Instead, worm-running fits some criteria for play. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 2090 | |||
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| Author | Nelissen, M.H.J. | ||||
| Title | The effect of tied rank numbers on the linearity of dominance hierarchies | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1986 | Publication |
Behavioural Processes | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Process. |
| Volume | 12 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 159-168 |
| Keywords | dominance hierarchy, linearity, Landau's index, despotism | ||||
| Abstract | The occurence of tied rank numbers in dominance hierarchies is discussed, especially its effect on the linearity of the hierarchy. This linearity is measured with Landau's index, that is calculated for several hierarchies with tied ranks on one, two of three levels. Linearity is mostly affected by ties in small groups with many ties. A distinction is made between a hierarchy of individuals and hierarchical levels. The phenomenon of despotism is called an extreme case of tied ranks. It is proposed to regard hierarchies with a linearity in a continuous scale. | ||||
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| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4285 | ||
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| Author | Beaugrand, J.P | ||||
| Title | Relative importance of initial individual differences, agonistic experience, and assessment accuracy during hierarchy formation: a simulation study | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1997 | Publication |
Behavioural Processes | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Process. |
| Volume | 41 | Issue | Pages | 177-192 | |
| Keywords | Dominance; Hierarchy formation; RHP; Agonistic experience; Assessment; Self-organization; Simulation | ||||
| Abstract | This simulation study explores some conditions leading to transitivity within dominance orders. Combinations of three parameters were varied to study their consequences upon hierarchy formation and upon the degree of linearity of resultant structures. The factors studied were: (1) the importance of initial resource holding potentials (RHPs); (2) changes brought in RHPs by successive victories and defeats; and (3) accuracy of RHP assessment made by opponents. Results show that initial differences in RHP always lead to perfectly transitive chains whose rank order reflects the importance of initial differences. Even when simulated animals make important errors while assessing each other during round robin tournaments, emerging dominance structures are perfectly linear and ranks obtained in the structure are highly correlated with initial values in RHPs. Moreover, accumulated experiences of victory and/or defeat alone always lead to perfectly linear hierarchies. Their combination with initial individual differences in RHP led to the same conclusion. Even when assessment was far from being perfect, not only perfect chains were formed but initial values in RHPs significantly influenced rank order when the contribution of victory and defeat to RHP was relatively unimportant. The higher the importance of victory and defeat to RHP as compared to that of initial RHP values, the lower was the correlation between initial RHP values and the ranks order reached by individuals in the resultant hierarchies. In general also, the lower the variation within initial RHPs, the lower was the correlation between initial RHPs and ranks in the hierarchy. At a given level of initial RHP dispersion, increasing the contribution of victory and defeat to RHP diminished the correlation between initial RHP values and obtained ranks. In addition, inaccurate assessment reduced the overall correlation, especially when dispersion of initial RHP values was low and the contribution of victory and defeat relatively unimportant. These results shed some light on the controversy about the respective roles of initial individual attributes and that of patterns of resolution in the formation of animal hierarchies. We present the emergence of social order within closed systems as those simulated here as a case of self-organization. | ||||
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| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4290 | ||
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| Author | Jacobs, A.; Maumy, M.; Petit, O. | ||||
| Title | The influence of social organisation on leadership in brown lemurs (Eulemur fulvus fulvus) in a controlled environment | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication |
Behavioural Processes | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Process. |
| Volume | 79 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 111-113 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Decision Making; Dominance-Subordination; *Exploratory Behavior; Female; Group Structure; *Leadership; Lemur/*psychology; Male; Sex Factors; *Social Environment | ||||
| Abstract | Studies on leadership during group movements in several lemur species showed that females were responsible for the travelling choices concerning time and direction. Interestingly, in these species females are dominant over males. We investigated the influence of social organisation upon leadership processes by studying a lemur species in which social organisation is characterized by the absence of female dominance: the brown lemur (Eulemur fulvus fulvus). The study was conducted on a semi-free ranging group of 11 individuals and the analysis performed on 69 group movements showed that all the individuals could initiate a group movement. In 34 cases, the whole group moved. There was no significant difference in the number of start attempts or in the number of group members involved from one initiator to another. Moreover, there was no effect of sex or age of the initiator on the number of individuals following it or on the speed of the joining process. Therefore, the leadership observed is widely distributed to all group members. These results support the hypothesis of an influence of social organisation upon the decision-making processes but still remain to be studied in a more relevant ecological context. | ||||
| Address | IPHC-DEPE, Equipe d'ethologie des primates, UMR 7178, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Universite Louis Pasteur and Centre de Primatologie, Strasbourg, France | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0376-6357 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:18586413 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5127 | ||
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