| Records |
| Author |
Gazit, I.; Goldblatt, A.; Terkel, J. |
| Title |
The role of context specificity in learning: the effects of training context on explosives detection in dogs |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume |
8 |
Issue  |
3 |
Pages |
143-150 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Association Learning; Conditioning, Classical; *Discrimination Learning; Dogs; *Environment; *Generalization, Stimulus; *Smell |
| Abstract |
Various experiments revealed that if an animal learns a stimulus-response-reinforcer relationship in one context and is then tested in another context there is usually a lessening of stimulus control, and the same discriminative stimuli that reliably controlled the behavior in the first context will have less effect in the new context. This reduction in performance is known as the “context shift effect.” The effect of changing context on the probability of detecting explosives was investigated in seven highly trained explosives detection dogs (EDDs). In experiment 1 the dogs were trained alternately on path A, which always had five hidden explosives, and on a very similar path B, which never had any explosives. Within a few sessions the dogs showed a significant decrease in search behavior on path B, but not on path A. In experiment 2 the same dogs were trained only on path B with a target density of one explosive hidden every 4th day. The probability of the dogs now detecting the explosive was found to be significantly lower than in experiment 1. In experiment 3 the effect of the low target density as used in experiment 2 was investigated on a new but very similar path C. Both the detection probability for the one explosive every 4th day on the new path and the motivation to search were significantly higher than found in experiment 2. Finally, in experiment 4, an attempt was made to recondition the dogs to search on path B. Although trained for 12 daily sessions with one explosive hidden every session, the dogs failed to regain the normal levels of motivation they had shown on both new paths and on the paths that they knew usually contained explosives. The findings reveal that even a very intensively trained EDD will rapidly learn that a specific stretch of path does not contain explosives. The dog will then be less motivated to search and will miss newly placed targets. This learning is specific to the formerly always-clean path and is to some extent irreversible. However, the dog will search and detect normally on new paths even if they are very similar to the always-clean path. The data are discussed in terms of variables affecting renewal. The results suggest that following training designed to make a behavior “context independent,” any extinction training will not generalize beyond that specific context used during the extinction training. In addition, if the behavior is extinguished in a specific context, it will be very difficult to restore that behavior in that context. These conclusions should be considered by anyone attempting to extinguish well-established trans-context behaviors. |
| Address |
Department of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel. iritgazi@post.tau.ac.il |
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English |
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1435-9448 |
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| Notes |
PMID:15449101 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2509 |
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| Author |
Gácsi, M.; Miklósi, Á.; Varga, O.; Topál, J.; Csányi, V. |
| Title |
Are readers of our face readers of our minds? Dogs (Canis familiaris) show situation-dependent recognition of human's attention |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume |
7 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
144-153 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Association Learning; *Attention; Bonding, Human-Pet; Cognition; *Concept Formation; Cues; Dogs/*psychology; *Facial Expression; Female; Humans; Male; *Nonverbal Communication; *Recognition (Psychology); Social Behavior |
| Abstract |
The ability of animals to use behavioral/facial cues in detection of human attention has been widely investigated. In this test series we studied the ability of dogs to recognize human attention in different experimental situations (ball-fetching game, fetching objects on command, begging from humans). The attentional state of the humans was varied along two variables: (1) facing versus not facing the dog; (2) visible versus non-visible eyes. In the first set of experiments (fetching) the owners were told to take up different body positions (facing or not facing the dog) and to either cover or not cover their eyes with a blindfold. In the second set of experiments (begging) dogs had to choose between two eating humans based on either the visibility of the eyes or direction of the face. Our results show that the efficiency of dogs to discriminate between “attentive” and “inattentive” humans depended on the context of the test, but they could rely on the orientation of the body, the orientation of the head and the visibility of the eyes. With the exception of the fetching-game situation, they brought the object to the front of the human (even if he/she turned his/her back towards the dog), and preferentially begged from the facing (or seeing) human. There were also indications that dogs were sensitive to the visibility of the eyes because they showed increased hesitative behavior when approaching a blindfolded owner, and they also preferred to beg from the person with visible eyes. We conclude that dogs are able to rely on the same set of human facial cues for detection of attention, which form the behavioral basis of understanding attention in humans. Showing the ability of recognizing human attention across different situations dogs proved to be more flexible than chimpanzees investigated in similar circumstances. |
| Address |
Comparative Ethology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Pazmany P. 1/c., 1117, Budapest, Hungary. gm.art@axelero.hu |
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English |
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1435-9448 |
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| Notes |
PMID:14669075 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2547 |
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| Author |
West, R.E.; Young, R.J. |
| Title |
Do domestic dogs show any evidence of being able to count? |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume |
5 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
183-186 |
| Keywords |
Animal Feed; Animals; Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; *Dogs; Female; Male; *Mathematics; Reinforcement (Psychology); Visual Perception |
| Abstract |
Numerical competence has been demonstrated in a wide range of animal species. The level of numerical abilities shown ranges from simple relative numerousness judgements to true counting. In this study we used the preferential looking technique to test whether 11 pet dogs could count. The dogs were presented with three simple calculations: “1+1=2”; “1+1=1”; and “1+1=3”. These calculations were performed by presenting the dogs with treats that were placed behind a screen that allowed manipulation of the outcome of the calculation. When the dogs expected the outcome they spent the same amount of time looking at the result of the calculation as they did on the initial presentation. However, when the result was unexpected dogs spent significantly longer looking at the outcome of the calculation. The results suggest that the dogs were anticipating the outcome of the calculations they observed, thus suggesting that dogs may have a rudimentary ability to count. |
| Address |
De Montfort University-Lincoln, Caythorpe, Grantham, Lincolnshire, NG32 3EP, UK |
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English |
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1435-9448 |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:12357291 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2594 |
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| Author |
Hoogstraal, H.; Mitchell, R.M. |
| Title |
Haemaphysalis (Alloceraea) aponommoides Warburton (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae), description of immature stages, hosts, distribution, and ecology in India, Nepal, Sikkim, and China |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1971 |
Publication |
The Journal of Parasitology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Parasitol |
| Volume |
57 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
635-645 |
| Keywords |
Altitude; Animals; Artiodactyla; Birds; Buffaloes; Carnivora; Cattle; China; Deer; Dogs; Ecology; Female; Goats; Horses; Humans; India; Insectivora; Larva/anatomy & histology; Male; Mice; Nepal; Rats; Rodentia; Sciuridae; Seasons; Sheep; Tick Infestations/*epidemiology; Ticks/*anatomy & histology/growth & development |
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0022-3395 |
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| Notes |
PMID:5090972 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2730 |
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| Author |
Washino, R.K.; Tempelis, C.H. |
| Title |
Host-feeding patterns of Anopheles freeborni in the Sacramento Valley, California |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1967 |
Publication |
Journal of Medical Entomology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Med Entomol |
| Volume |
4 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
311-314 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Anopheles/*growth & development; California; Cats; Cattle; Dogs; Ecology; Horses; Humans; *Insect Vectors; Rabbits; Rodentia; Swine |
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English |
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0022-2585 |
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| Notes |
PMID:6052143 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2745 |
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| Author |
Arluke, A. |
| Title |
The use of dogs in medical and veterinary training: understanding and approaching student uneasiness |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science : JAAWS |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Appl Anim Welf Sci |
| Volume |
7 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
197-204 |
| Keywords |
*Animal Experimentation; Animals; *Animals, Laboratory; Cadaver; Comprehension; Dogs; Education, Veterinary/*ethics/*methods; Humans; Massachusetts; Schools, Veterinary; Students, Medical/*psychology; Biomedical and Behavioral Research |
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| Address |
Tajen Institute of Technology, Taiwan. a.arluke@neu.edu |
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English |
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| ISSN |
1088-8705 |
ISBN |
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| Notes |
PMID:15498727; KIE: KIE Bib: animal experimentation |
Approved |
no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2755 |
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| Author |
Gomez, J.-C. |
| Title |
Species comparative studies and cognitive development |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Trends. Cognit. Sci. |
| Volume |
9 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
118-125 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Attention/physiology; Brain/*growth & development; Child, Preschool; Cognition/*physiology; Concept Formation/physiology; Dogs; Evolution; Fixation, Ocular; Gorilla gorilla; Humans; Infant; Learning/*physiology; Macaca mulatta; Mental Recall/physiology; Personal Construct Theory; Psychomotor Performance/physiology; Species Specificity |
| Abstract |
The comparative study of infant development and animal cognition brings to cognitive science the promise of insights into the nature and origins of cognitive skills. In this article, I review a recent wave of comparative studies conducted with similar methodologies and similar theoretical frameworks on how two core components of human cognition--object permanence and gaze following--develop in different species. These comparative findings call for an integration of current competing accounts of developmental change. They further suggest that evolution has produced developmental devices capable at the same time of preserving core adaptive components, and opening themselves up to further adaptive change, not only in interaction with the external environment, but also in interaction with other co-developing cognitive systems. |
| Address |
Scottish Primate Research Group, School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY15 9JU, UK |
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English |
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1364-6613 |
ISBN |
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| Notes |
PMID:15737820 |
Approved |
no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2851 |
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| Author |
Landsberg, G.; Araujo, J.A. |
| Title |
Behavior problems in geriatric pets |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2005 |
Publication |
The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice |
Abbreviated Journal |
Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract |
| Volume |
35 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
675-698 |
| Keywords |
Aging/*pathology/physiology/*psychology; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Cats/*physiology/psychology; Cognition/physiology; Diagnosis, Differential; Dogs/*physiology/psychology; Preventive Medicine |
| Abstract |
Aging pets often suffer a decline in cognitive function (eg, memory,learning, perception, awareness) likely associated with age-dependent brain alterations. Clinically, cognitive dysfunction may result in various behavioral signs, including disorientation; forgetting of previously learned behaviors, such as house training; alterations in the manner in which the pet interacts with people or other pets;onset of new fears and anxiety; decreased recognition of people, places, or pets; and other signs of deteriorating memory and learning ability. Many medical problems, including other forms of brain pathologic conditions, can contribute to these signs. The practitioner must first determine the cause of the behavioral signs and then determine an appropriate course of treatment, bearing in mind the constraints of the aging process. A diagnosis of cognitive dysfunction syndrome is made once other medical and behavioral causes are ruled out. |
| Address |
Doncaster Animal Clinic, 99 Henderson Avenue, Thornhill, Ontario L3T2K9, Canada. gmlandvm@aol.com |
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English |
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| ISSN |
0195-5616 |
ISBN |
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| Notes |
PMID:15833565 |
Approved |
no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2855 |
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| Author |
Schwab, C.; Huber, L. |
| Title |
Obey or not obey? Dogs (Canis familiaris) behave differently in response to attentional states of their owners |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Journal of Comparative Psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983) |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Comp Psychol |
| Volume |
120 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
169-175 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Attention; Awareness; *Bonding, Human-Pet; *Cooperative Behavior; Cues; Dogs/*psychology; Humans; Motivation; *Nonverbal Communication; Social Perception; *Speech Perception; *Verbal Behavior |
| Abstract |
Sixteen domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) were tested in a familiar context in a series of 1-min trials on how well they obeyed after being told by their owner to lie down. Food was used in 1/3 of all trials, and during the trial the owner engaged in 1 of 5 activities. The dogs behaved differently depending on the owner's attention to them. When being watched by the owner, the dogs stayed lying down most often and/or for the longest time compared with when the owner read a book, watched TV, turned his or her back on them, or left the room. These results indicate that the dogs sensed the attentional state of their owners by judging observable behavioral cues such as eye contact and eye, head, and body orientation. |
| Address |
Department for Behavior, Neurobiology and Cognition, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. cpriberskyschwab@yahoo.de |
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English |
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Series Title |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0735-7036 |
ISBN |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:16893253 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4961 |
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| Author |
Gácsi, M.; Kara, E.; Belényi, B.; Topál, J.; Miklósi, Á. |
| Title |
The effect of development and individual differences in pointing comprehension of dogs |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2009 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume |
12 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
471-479 |
| Keywords |
Age Factors; Analysis of Variance; Animals; *Association Learning; Attention; Chi-Square Distribution; Choice Behavior; *Comprehension; *Concept Formation; Dogs/*psychology; Female; *Gestures; Humans; Male; Orientation; Statistics, Nonparametric |
| Abstract |
In spite of the rather different procedures actually used in comparative studies to test the ability of different species to rely on the human pointing gesture, there is no debate on the high performance of dogs in such tasks. Very little is known, however, on the course through which they acquire this ability or the probable factors influencing the process. Important developmental questions have remained unsolved and also some methodological concerns should be addressed before we can convincingly argue for one interpretation or another. In this study we tested 180 dogs of different age (from 2 months to adults) to investigate their performance in the human distal momentary pointing gesture. The results, analyzed at both the group and the individual levels, showed no difference in the performance according to age, indicating that in dogs the comprehension of the human pointing may require only very limited and rapid early learning to fully develop. Interestingly, neither the keeping conditions nor the time spent in active interaction with the owner, and not even some special (agility) training for using human visual cues, had significant effect on the success and explained individual differences. The performance of the dogs was rather stable over time: during the 20 trials within a session and even when subsamples of different age were repeatedly tested. Considering that in spite of the general success at the group level, more than half of the dogs were not successful at the individual level, we revealed alternative “decision-making rules” other than following the pointing gesture of the experimenter. |
| Address |
Department of Ethology, Eotvos University, Budapest, Hungary. gm.art@t-online.hu |
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Edition |
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1435-9456 |
ISBN |
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| Notes |
PMID:19130102 |
Approved |
no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4969 |
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