| Records |
| Author |
Dunbar, K.; MacLeod, C.M. |
| Title |
A horse race of a different color: Stroop interference patterns with transformed words |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1984 |
Publication |
Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform |
| Volume |
10 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
622-639 |
| Keywords |
*Attention; *Color Perception; Discrimination Learning; Humans; Orientation; Reaction Time; Reading; *Semantics |
| Abstract |
Four experiments investigated Stroop interference using geometrically transformed words. Over experiments, reading was made increasingly difficult by manipulating orientation uncertainty and the number of noncolor words. As a consequence, time to read color words aloud increased dramatically. Yet, even when reading a color word was considerably slower than naming the color of ink in which the word was printed, Stroop interference persisted virtually unaltered. This result is incompatible with the simple horse race model widely used to explain color-word interference. When reading became extremely slow, a reversed Stroop effect--interference in reading the word due to an incongruent ink color--appeared for one transformation together with the standard Stroop interference. Whether or not the concept of automaticity is invoked, relative speed of processing the word versus the color does not provide an adequate overall explanation of the Stroop phenomenon. |
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English |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0096-1523 |
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| Notes |
PMID:6238123 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number  |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4065 |
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| Author |
Schwartz, B.L.; Evans, S. |
| Title |
Episodic memory in primates |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2001 |
Publication |
American journal of primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am. J. Primatol. |
| Volume |
55 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
71-85 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal; *Discrimination Learning; Hominidae/*psychology; Humans; *Memory; Self Concept |
| Abstract |
Episodic memory refers to a system of memory with the capacity to recollect specific events from an individual's life. Some psychologists have suggested that episodic memory is a uniquely human phenomenon. We challenge that idea and present evidence that great apes and other primates may possess episodic-like memory. We review criteria developed to assess episodic-like memory in nonhumans, and how they apply to primates. In particular, we discuss the criteria of Clayton et al. [2001], who stated that episodic-like memory is based on the retrieval of multiple and integrated components of an event. We then review eight studies examining memory in great apes and apply the Clayton et al. criteria to each of them. We summarize the evidence that is compatible with the existence of episodic-like memory, although none of the data completely satisfy the Clayton et al. criteria. Morover, feelings of pastness and feelings of confidence, which mark episodic memory in humans, have not been empirically addressed in nonhuman primates. Future studies should be directed at these aspects of memory in primates. We speculate on the functional significance of episodic memory in nonhuman primates. |
| Address |
Dept of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA. SchwartB@fiu.edu |
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English |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0275-2565 |
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| Notes |
PMID:11668526 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4115 |
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| Author |
Hirata, S. |
| Title |
A note on the responses of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) to live self-images on television monitors |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
| Volume |
75 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
85-90 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Discrimination Learning; Female; Male; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; *Self Concept; Self Psychology; Social Behavior; Television |
| Abstract |
The majority of studies on self-recognition in animals have been conducted using a mirror as the test device; little is known, however, about the responses of non-human primates toward their own images in media other than mirrors. This study provides preliminary data on the reactions of 10 chimpanzees to live self-images projected on two television monitors, each connected to a different video camera. Chimpanzees could see live images of their own faces, which were approximately life-sized, on one monitor. On the other monitor, they could see live images of their whole body, which were approximately one-fifth life-size, viewed diagonally from behind. In addition, several objects were introduced into the test situation. Out of 10 chimpanzees tested, 2 individuals performed self-exploratory behaviors while watching their own images on the monitors. One of these two chimpanzees successively picked up two of the provided objects in front of a monitor, and watched the images of these objects on the monitor. The results indicate that these chimpanzees were able to immediately recognize live images of themselves or objects on the monitors, even though several features of these images differed from those of their previous experience with mirrors. |
| Address |
Great Ape Research Institute, Hayashibara Biochemical Laboratories Inc., Okayama, Japan. hirata@gari.be.to |
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English |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0376-6357 |
ISBN |
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| Notes |
PMID:17324534 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4145 |
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| Author |
Range, F.; Bugnyar, T.; Schlogl, C.; Kotrschal, K. |
| Title |
Individual and sex differences in learning abilities of ravens |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
| Volume |
73 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
100-106 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; *Crows; Discrimination Learning/*physiology; Exploratory Behavior/physiology; Female; *Individuality; Male; Sex Factors; Spatial Behavior |
| Abstract |
Behavioral and physiological characteristics of individuals within the same species have been found to be stable across time and contexts. In this study, we investigated individual differences in learning abilities and object and social manipulation to test for consistency within individuals across different tasks. Individual ravens (Corvus corax) were tested in simple color and position discrimination tasks to establish their learning abilities. We found that males were significantly better in the acquisition of the first discrimination task and the object manipulation task, but not in any of the other tasks. Furthermore, faster learners engaged less often in manipulations of conspecifics and exploration of objects to get access to food. No relationship between object and social manipulation and reversal training were found. Our results suggest that individual differences in regard to the acquisition of new tasks may be related to personalities or at least object manipulation in ravens. |
| Address |
Konrad Lorenz Research Station, A-4645 Gruenau 11, Austria. friederike.range@univie.ac.at |
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English |
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0376-6357 |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:16675158 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4146 |
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| Author |
Salzen, E.A.; Cornell, J.M. |
| Title |
Self-perception and species recognition in birds |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1968 |
Publication |
Behaviour |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behaviour |
| Volume |
30 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
44-65 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Birds; Color Perception; Discrimination Learning; Generalization, Response; Imprinting (Psychology); *Perception; *Self Concept; Social Isolation; *Species Specificity; Water |
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English |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0005-7959 |
ISBN |
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| Notes |
PMID:5644775 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4154 |
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| Author |
Anderson, J.R. |
| Title |
Self-recognition in dolphins: credible cetaceans; compromised criteria, controls, and conclusions |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Consciousness and Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Conscious Cogn |
| Volume |
4 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
239-243 |
| Keywords |
Animal Communication; Animals; *Awareness; Discrimination Learning; Dolphins/*psychology; Female; Male; Orientation; *Self Concept; Social Behavior; *Television; *Visual Perception |
| Abstract |
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| Address |
Laboratoire de Psychophysiologie, CNRS URA 1295, Universite Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France |
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English |
Summary Language |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
1053-8100 |
ISBN |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:8521263 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4163 |
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| Author |
Marten, K.; Psarakos, S. |
| Title |
Using self-view television to distinguish between self-examination and social behavior in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Consciousness and Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Conscious Cogn |
| Volume |
4 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
205-224 |
| Keywords |
Animal Communication; Animals; *Attention; Discrimination Learning; Dolphins/*psychology; Female; Male; *Self Concept; *Social Behavior; *Television; *Visual Perception |
| Abstract |
In mirror mark tests dolphins twist, posture, and engage in open-mouth and head movements, often repetitive. Because postures and an open mouth are also dolphin social behaviors, we used self-view television as a manipulatable mirror to distinguish between self-examination and social behavior. Two dolphins were exposed to alternating real-time self-view (“mirror mode”) and playback of the same to determine if they distinguished between them. The adult male engaged in elaborate open-mouth behaviors in mirror mode, but usually just watched when played back the same material. Mirror mode behavior was also compared to interacting with real dolphins (controls). Mark tests were conducted, as well as switches from front to side self-views to see if the dolphins turned. They presented marked areas to the self-view television and turned. The results suggest self-examination over social behavior. |
| Address |
Earthtrust, Kailua, Hawaii 96734, USA |
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English |
Summary Language |
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1053-8100 |
ISBN |
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| Notes |
PMID:8521259 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4164 |
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| Author |
Brennan, P.A. |
| Title |
The nose knows who's who: chemosensory individuality and mate recognition in mice |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Hormones and Behavior |
Abbreviated Journal |
Horm Behav |
| Volume |
46 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
231-240 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Chemoreceptors/physiology; Discrimination Learning/*physiology; Embryo Implantation/physiology; Female; Individuality; Major Histocompatibility Complex/physiology; Male; Mice; Neurons, Afferent/physiology; Nose/cytology/physiology; Perception/physiology; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Maintenance/physiology; Pregnancy, Animal/*physiology; Receptors, Odorant/*physiology; Recognition (Psychology)/*physiology; Sexual Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Smell/*physiology; Urine/physiology; Vomeronasal Organ/cytology/physiology |
| Abstract |
Individual recognition is an important component of behaviors, such as mate choice and maternal bonding that are vital for reproductive success. This article highlights recent developments in our understanding of the chemosensory cues and the neural pathways involved in individuality discrimination in rodents. There appear to be several types of chemosensory signal of individuality that are influenced by the highly polymorphic families of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins or major urinary proteins (MUPs). Both have the capability of binding small molecules and may influence the individual profile of these chemosignals in biological fluids such as urine, skin secretions, or saliva. Moreover, these proteins, or peptides associated with them, can be taken up into the vomeronasal organ (VNO) where they can potentially interact directly with the vomeronasal receptors. This is particularly interesting given the expression of major histocompatibility complex Ib proteins by the V2R class of vomeronasal receptor and the highly selective responses of accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) mitral cells to strain identity. These findings are consistent with the role of the vomeronasal system in mediating individual discrimination that allows mate recognition in the context of the pregnancy block effect. This is hypothesized to involve a selective increase in the inhibitory control of mitral cells in the accessory olfactory bulb at the first level of processing of the vomeronasal stimulus. |
| Address |
Sub-Department of Animal Behaviour, University of Cambridge, Madingley, Cambridge CB3 8AA, UK. pab23@cus.cam.ac.uk |
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English |
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0018-506X |
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| Notes |
PMID:15325224 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4191 |
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| Author |
Hanggi, E.B.; Ingersoll, J.F. |
| Title |
Stimulus discrimination by horses under scotopic conditions |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2009 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
| Volume |
82 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
45-50 |
| Keywords |
Discrimination learning; Equine; Horse; Night vision; Scotopic vision |
| Abstract |
Scotopic vision in horses (Equus caballus) was investigated using behavioral measurements for the first time. Four horses were tested for the ability to make simple visual discriminations of geometric figures (circles and triangles) under various brightness levels within an enclosed building. Measurements of brightness ranging from 10.37 to 24.12 magnitudes per square arcsecond (mag/arcsec2; in candelas per square meter--7.70 to 2.43E-05 cd/m2) were taken using a Sky Quality Meter. These values approximated outdoor conditions ranging from twilight in open country to a dark moonless night in dense forest. The horses were able to solve the discrimination problems in all brightness settings up to 23.77 mag/arcsec2 (3.35E-05 cd/m2). Moreover, they easily navigated their way around obstacles located within the testing area in extremely dim light (>23.50 mag/arcsec2; 4.30E-05 cd/m2), which were in conditions too dark for the human experimenters to see. These findings support physiological data that reveal a rod-dominated visual system as well as observations of equine activity at night. |
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0376-6357 |
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Approved |
no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5051 |
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| Author |
Parr, L.A.; Winslow, J.T.; Hopkins, W.D.; de Waal, F.B. |
| Title |
Recognizing facial cues: individual discrimination by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983) |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Comp Psychol |
| Volume |
114 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
47-60 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Discrimination Learning; *Facial Expression; Female; Macaca mulatta/*psychology; Male; Mental Recall; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; Perceptual Masking; *Social Perception; Species Specificity |
| Abstract |
Faces are one of the most salient classes of stimuli involved in social communication. Three experiments compared face-recognition abilities in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). In the face-matching task, the chimpanzees matched identical photographs of conspecifics' faces on Trial 1, and the rhesus monkeys did the same after 4 generalization trials. In the individual-recognition task, the chimpanzees matched 2 different photographs of the same individual after 2 trials, and the rhesus monkeys generalized in fewer than 6 trials. The feature-masking task showed that the eyes were the most important cue for individual recognition. Thus, chimpanzees and rhesus monkeys are able to use facial cues to discriminate unfamiliar conspecifics. Although the rhesus monkeys required many trials to learn the tasks, this is not evidence that faces are not as important social stimuli for them as for the chimpanzees. |
| Address |
Department of Psychology, Emory University. parr@rmy.emory.edu |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0735-7036 |
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| Notes |
PMID:10739311 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
191 |
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