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	Author	Scheumann, M.; Call, J.
	Title	*The use of experimenter-given cues by South African fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus)*			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	7	Issue	4	Pages	224-230
	Keywords	Animal Communication; Animals; Association Learning; Cues; Female; Fur Seals/psychology; Gestures; Humans; *Imitative Behavior; Nonverbal Communication; Social Behavior; Species Specificity
	Abstract	Dogs can use a variety of experimenter-given cues such as pointing, head direction, and eye direction to locate food hidden under one of several containers. Some authors have proposed that this is a result of the domestication process. In this study we tested four captive fur seals in a two alternative object choice task in which subjects had to use one of the following experimenter-given cues to locate the food: (1) the experimenter pointed and gazed at one of the objects, (2) the experimenter pointed at only one of the objects, (3) the experimenter gazed at only one of the objects, (4) the experimenter glanced at only one of the objects, (5) the experimenter pointed and gazed at one of the objects but was sitting closer to one object than to the other, (6) the experimenter pointed only with the index finger at one of the objects, (7) the experimenter presented a replica of one of the objects. The fur seals were able to use cues which involved a fully exposed arm or a head direction, but failed to use glance only, the index finger pointing and the object replica cues. The results showed that a domestication process was not necessary to develop receptive skills to cues given by an experimenter. Instead, we hypothesize that close interactions with humans prior to testing enabled fur seals to uses ome gestural cues without formal training. We also analyzed the behavior of the seals depending on the level of difficulty of the task. Behavioral signs of hesitation increased with task difficulty. This suggests that the fur seals were sensitive to task difficulty.
	Address	Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. Marina.Scheumann@tiho-hannover.de
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15057598			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2536
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Schwab, C.; Huber, L.
	Title	*Obey or not obey? Dogs (Canis familiaris) behave differently in response to attentional states of their owners*			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Journal of Comparative Psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
	Volume	120	Issue	3	Pages	169-175
	Keywords	Animals; Attention; Awareness; Bonding, Human-Pet; Cooperative Behavior; Cues; Dogs/psychology; Humans; Motivation; Nonverbal Communication; Social Perception; Speech Perception; *Verbal Behavior
	Abstract	Sixteen domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) were tested in a familiar context in a series of 1-min trials on how well they obeyed after being told by their owner to lie down. Food was used in 1/3 of all trials, and during the trial the owner engaged in 1 of 5 activities. The dogs behaved differently depending on the owner's attention to them. When being watched by the owner, the dogs stayed lying down most often and/or for the longest time compared with when the owner read a book, watched TV, turned his or her back on them, or left the room. These results indicate that the dogs sensed the attentional state of their owners by judging observable behavioral cues such as eye contact and eye, head, and body orientation.
	Address	Department for Behavior, Neurobiology and Cognition, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. cpriberskyschwab@yahoo.de
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16893253			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4961
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	Author	Seyfarth, R.M.; Cheney, D.L.
	Title	The acoustic features of vervet monkey grunts			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1984	Publication	The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America	Abbreviated Journal	J Acoust Soc Am
	Volume	75	Issue	5	Pages	1623-1628
	Keywords	Acoustics; Animals; Auditory Perception; Cercopithecus/physiology; Cercopithecus aethiops/physiology; Cues; Dominance-Subordination; Female; Male; Social Behavior; Sound Spectrography; Vocalization, Animal
	Abstract	East African vervet monkeys give short (125 ms), harsh-sounding grunts to each other in a variety of social situations: when approaching a dominant or subordinate member of their group, when moving into a new area of their range, or upon seeing another group. Although all these vocalizations sound similar to humans, field playback experiments have shown that the monkeys distinguish at least four different calls. Acoustic analysis reveals that grunts have an aperiodic F0, at roughly 240 Hz. Most grunts exhibit a spectral peak close to this irregular F0. Grunts may also contain a second, rising or falling frequency peak, between 550 and 900 Hz. The location and changes in these two frequency peaks are the cues most likely to be used by vervets when distinguishing different grunt types.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0001-4966	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:6736426			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	703
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	Author	Shapiro, A.D.; Janik, V.M.; Slater, P.J.B.
	Title	*A gray seal's (Halichoerus grypus) responses to experimenter-given pointing and directional cues*			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Journal of Comparative Psychology	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
	Volume	117	Issue	4	Pages	355-362
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Cognition/physiology; Conditioning, Operant/physiology; Cues; Eye Movements/physiology; Female; Seals, Earless
	Abstract	A gray seal (Halichoerus grypus) was trained to touch a target on its left or right by responding to pointing signals. The authors then tested whether the seal would be able to generalize spontaneously to altered signals. It responded correctly to center pointing and head turning, center upper body turning, and off-center pointing but not to head turning and eye movements alone. The seal also responded correctly to brief ipsilateral and contralateral points from center and lateral positions. Pointing gestures did not cause the seal to select an object placed centrally behind it. Like many animals in similar studies, this gray seal probably did not understand the referential character of these gestures but rather used signal generalization and experience from initial operant conditioning to solve these tasks.
	Address	School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Washington, D.C. : 1983	Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:14717636			Approved	yes
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4977
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	Author	Shettleworth, S.J.; Krebs, J.R.
	Title	How marsh tits find their hoards: the roles of site preference and spatial memory			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1982	Publication	Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
	Volume	8	Issue	4	Pages	354-375
	Keywords	Animals; Appetitive Behavior; Birds; Cues; Discrimination Learning; Memory; Mental Recall; Orientation; *Space Perception
	Abstract	Marsh tits (Parus palustris) store single food items in scattered locations and recover them hours or days later. Some properties of the spatial memory involved were analyzed in two laboratory experiments. In the first, marsh tits were offered 97 sites for storing 12 seeds. They recovered a median of 65% of them 2-3 hr later, making only two errors per seed while doing so. Over trials, they used some sites more often than others, but during recovery they were more likely to visit a site of any preference value if they had stored a seed there that day than if they had not. Recovery performance was much worse if the experimenters moved the seeds between storage and recovery. A fixed search strategy that had some of the same average properties as the tits' search behavior also did worse than the real birds. In Experiment 2, any tendency to visit the same sites on successive daily tests in the aviary was placed in opposition to memory for storage sites by allowing the tits to store more seeds 2 hr after storing a first batch. They tended to avoid individual storage sites holding seeds from the first batch. When the tits searched for all the seeds 2 hr later, they tended to recover more seeds from the second batch than from the first, i.e., there was a recency effect.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:7175447			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	385
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	Author	Shettleworth, S.J.; Sutton, J.E.
	Title	Multiple systems for spatial learning: dead reckoning and beacon homing in rats			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
	Volume	31	Issue	2	Pages	125-141
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cues; Feeding Behavior; Habituation, Psychophysiologic; Homing Behavior; Learning; Male; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Space Perception
	Abstract	Rats homed with food in a large lighted arena. Without visual cues, they used dead reckoning. When a beacon indicated the home, rats could also use the beacon. Homing did not differ in 2 groups of rats, 1 provided with the beacon and 1 without it; tests without the beacon gave no evidence that beacon learning overshadowed dead reckoning (Experiment 1). When the beacon was at the home for 1 group and in random locations for another, there was again no evidence of cue competition (Experiment 2). Dead reckoning experience did not block acquisition of beacon homing (Experiment 3). Beacon learning and dead reckoning do not compete for predictive value but acquire information in parallel and are used hierarchically.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada. shettle@psych.utoronto.ca
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15839771			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	364
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Sovrano, V.A.; Bisazza, A.; Vallortigara, G.
	Title	How fish do geometry in large and in small spaces			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	10	Issue	1	Pages	47-54
	Keywords	Animals; Association Learning; Color Perception; Cues; Discrimination Learning; Distance Perception; Fishes; Male; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Social Environment; *Space Perception; Visual Perception
	Abstract	It has been shown that children and non-human animals seem to integrate geometric and featural information to different extents in order to reorient themselves in environments of different spatial scales. We trained fish (redtail splitfins, Xenotoca eiseni) to reorient to find a corner in a rectangular tank with a distinctive featural cue (a blue wall). Then we tested fish after displacement of the feature on another adjacent wall. In the large enclosure, fish chose the two corners with the feature, and also tended to choose among them the one that maintained the correct arrangement of the featural cue with respect to geometric sense (i.e. left-right position). In contrast, in the small enclosure, fish chose both the two corners with the features and the corner, without any feature, that maintained the correct metric arrangement of the walls with respect to geometric sense. Possible reasons for species differences in the use of geometric and non-geometric information are discussed.
	Address	Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia, 8, 35131, Padova, Italy. valeriaanna.sovrano@unipd.it
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16794851			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2462
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	Author	Sutton, J.E.; Shettleworth, S.J.
	Title	Internal sense of direction and landmark use in pigeons (Columba livia)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
	Volume	119	Issue	3	Pages	273-284
	Keywords	Animals; Columbidae; Conflict (Psychology); Cues; Discrimination Learning; Homing Behavior; Intuition; Orientation; Space Perception; Transfer (Psychology); Visual Perception
	Abstract	The relative importance of an internal sense of direction based on inertial cues and landmark piloting for small-scale navigation by White King pigeons (Columba livia) was investigated in an arena search task. Two groups of pigeons differed in whether they had access to visual cues outside the arena. In Experiment 1, pigeons were given experience with 2 different entrances and all pigeons transferred accurate searching to novel entrances. Explicit disorientation before entering did not affect accuracy. In Experiments 2-4, landmarks and inertial cues were put in conflict or tested 1 at a time. Pigeons tended to follow the landmarks in a conflict situation but could use an internal sense of direction to search when landmarks were unavailable.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada. jsutton7@uwo.ca
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16131256			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	360
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	Author	Tommasi, L.; Polli, C.
	Title	Representation of two geometric features of the environment in the domestic chick ( Gallus gallus)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	7	Issue	1	Pages	53-59
	Keywords	Animals; Chickens/physiology; Cues; Feeding Behavior/physiology; Male; Pattern Recognition, Visual/physiology
	Abstract	We report experiments based on a novel test in domestic chicks ( Gallus gallus), designed to examine the encoding of two different geometric features of an enclosed environment: relative lengths of the walls and amplitude of the corners. Chicks were trained to search for a food reward located in one corner of a parallelogram-shaped enclosure. Between trials, chicks were passively disoriented and the enclosure was rotated, making reorientation possible only on the basis of the internal spatial structure of the enclosure. In order to reorient, chicks could rely on two sources of information: the relative lengths of the walls of the enclosure (associated to their left-right sense order) and the angles subtended by walls at corners. Chicks learned the task choosing equally often the reinforced corner and its rotational equivalent. Results of tests carried out in novel enclosures, the shapes of which were chosen ad hoc (1) to induce reorientation based only on the ratio of walls lengths plus sense (rectangular enclosure), or (2) to induce reorientation based only on corner angles (rhombus-shaped enclosure), suggested that chicks encoded both features of the environment. In a third test, in which chicks faced a conflict between these geometric features (mirror parallelogram-shaped enclosure), reorientation seemed to depend on the salience of corner angles. These results shed light on the elements of the environmental geometry which control spatial reorientation, and broaden the knowledge on the geometric representation of space in animals.
	Address	Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padua, Italy. ltommasi@unipd.it
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12884079			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2561
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	Author	Virányi, Z.; Topál, J.; Gácsi, M.; Miklósi, Á.; Csányi, V.
	Title	Dogs respond appropriately to cues of humans' attentional focus			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Behavioural Processes	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Process.
	Volume	66	Issue	2	Pages	161-172
	Keywords	Animals; Attention; Bonding, Human-Pet; Communication; Cues; Dogs; Humans; Recognition (Psychology)
	Abstract	Dogs' ability to recognise cues of human visual attention was studied in different experiments. Study 1 was designed to test the dogs' responsiveness to their owner's tape-recorded verbal commands (Down!) while the Instructor (who was the owner of the dog) was facing either the dog or a human partner or none of them, or was visually separated from the dog. Results show that dogs were more ready to follow the command if the Instructor attended them during instruction compared to situations when the Instructor faced the human partner or was out of sight of the dog. Importantly, however, dogs showed intermediate performance when the Instructor was orienting into 'empty space' during the re-played verbal commands. This suggests that dogs are able to differentiate the focus of human attention. In Study 2 the same dogs were offered the possibility to beg for food from two unfamiliar humans whose visual attention (i.e. facing the dog or turning away) was systematically varied. The dogs' preference for choosing the attentive person shows that dogs are capable of using visual cues of attention to evaluate the human actors' responsiveness to solicit food-sharing. The dogs' ability to understand the communicatory nature of the situations is discussed in terms of their social cognitive skills and unique evolutionary history.
	Address	Department of Ethology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary. zsofi.viranyi@freemail.hu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0376-6357	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15110918			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4957
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