Records |
Author |
Beran, M.J.; Beran, M.M.; Harris, E.H.; Washburn, D.A. |
Title |
Ordinal judgments and summation of nonvisible sets of food items by two chimpanzees and a rhesus macaque |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
Volume |
31 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
351-362 |
Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal; Chi-Square Distribution; Cognition; Color Perception/physiology; Female; *Food; Judgment/*physiology; Macaca mulatta; Male; Pan troglodytes; Serial Learning/*physiology; Size Perception |
Abstract |
Two chimpanzees and a rhesus macaque rapidly learned the ordinal relations between 5 colors of containers (plastic eggs) when all containers of a given color contained a specific number of identical food items. All 3 animals also performed at high levels when comparing sets of containers with sets of visible food items. This indicates that the animals learned the approximate quantity of food items in containers of a given color. However, all animals failed in a summation task, in which a single container was compared with a set of 2 containers of a lesser individual quantity but a greater combined quantity. This difficulty was not overcome by sequential presentation of containers into opaque receptacles, but performance improved if the quantitative difference between sizes was very large. |
Address |
Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Decatur, 30034, USA. mjberan@yahoo.com |
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English |
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ISSN |
0097-7403 |
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Notes |
PMID:16045389 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2766 |
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Author |
Carroll, J.; Murphy, C.J.; Neitz, M.; Hoeve, J.N.; Neitz, J. |
Title |
Photopigment basis for dichromatic color vision in the horse |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Journal of Vision |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Vis |
Volume |
1 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
80-87 |
Keywords |
Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Color Perception/*physiology; Cones (Retina)/chemistry/*physiology; Electroretinography; Horses/*physiology; Photic Stimulation; Phototransduction/physiology; Retinal Pigments/analysis/*physiology; Visual Perception/physiology |
Abstract |
Horses, like other ungulates, are active in the day, at dusk, dawn, and night; and, they have eyes designed to have both high sensitivity for vision in dim light and good visual acuity under higher light levels (Walls, 1942). Typically, daytime activity is associated with the presence of multiple cone classes and color-vision capacity (Jacobs, 1993). Previous studies in other ungulates, such as pigs, goats, cows, sheep and deer, have shown that they have two spectrally different cone types, and hence, at least the photopigment basis for dichromatic color vision (Neitz & Jacobs, 1989; Jacobs, Deegan II, Neitz, Murphy, Miller, & Marchinton, 1994; Jacobs, Deegan II, & Neitz, 1998). Here, electroretinogram flicker photometry was used to measure the spectral sensitivities of the cones in the domestic horse (Equus caballus). Two distinct spectral mechanisms were identified and are consistent with the presence of a short-wavelength-sensitive (S) and a middle-to-long-wavelength-sensitive (M/L) cone. The spectral sensitivity of the S cone was estimated to have a peak of 428 nm, while the M/L cone had a peak of 539 nm. These two cone types would provide the basis for dichromatic color vision consistent with recent results from behavioral testing of horses (Macuda & Timney, 1999; Macuda & Timney, 2000; Timney & Macuda, 2001). The spectral peak of the M/L cone photopigment measured here, in vivo, is similar to that obtained when the gene was sequenced, cloned, and expressed in vitro (Yokoyama & Radlwimmer, 1999). Of the ungulates that have been studied to date, all have the photopigment basis for dichromatic color vision; however, they differ considerably from one another in the spectral tuning of their cone pigments. These differences may represent adaptations to the different visual requirements of different species. |
Address |
Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA |
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English |
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ISSN |
1534-7362 |
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Conference |
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Notes |
PMID:12678603 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4060 |
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Author |
Clement, T.S.; Weaver, J.E.; Sherburne, L.M.; Zentall, T.R. |
Title |
Simultaneous discrimination learning in pigeons: value of S- affects the relative value of its associated S+ |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1998 |
Publication |
The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. B, Comparative and physiological psychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Q J Exp Psychol B |
Volume |
51 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
363-378 |
Keywords |
Animals; *Attention; Color Perception; Columbidae; *Discrimination Learning; Female; Male; *Motivation; Orientation; Transfer (Psychology) |
Abstract |
In a simple simultaneous discrimination involving a positive stimulus (S+) and a negative stimulus (S-), it has been hypothesized that positive value can transfer from the S+ to the S- (thus increasing the relative value of the S-) and also that negative value can transfer from the S- to the S+ (thus diminishing the relative value of the S+; Fersen, Wynne, Delius, & Staddon, 1991). Evidence for positive value transfer has been reported in pigeons (e.g. Zentall & Sherburne, 1994). The purpose of the present experiments was to determine, in a simultaneous discrimination, whether the S- diminishes the value of the S+ or the S- is contrasted with the S+ (thus enhancing the value of the S+). In two experiments, we found evidence for contrast, rather than value transfer, attributable to simultaneous discrimination training. Thus, not only does the S+ appear to enhance the value of the S-, but the S- appears to enhance rather than reduce the value of the S+. |
Address |
Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506-0044, USA |
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English |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0272-4995 |
ISBN |
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Conference |
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Notes |
PMID:9854439 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
252 |
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Author |
Clement, T.S.; Zentall, T.R. |
Title |
Choice based on exclusion in pigeons |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Psychonomic bulletin & review |
Abbreviated Journal |
Psychon Bull Rev |
Volume |
10 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
959-964 |
Keywords |
Animals; Appetitive Behavior; *Association Learning; *Choice Behavior; *Color Perception; Columbidae; *Discrimination Learning; Memory, Short-Term; *Problem Solving; Psychomotor Performance; Reaction Time; Transfer (Psychology) |
Abstract |
When humans acquire a conditional discrimination and are given a novel-sample-comparison choice, they often reject a comparison known to be associated with a different sample and choose the alternative comparison by default (or by exclusion). In Experiment 1, we found that if, following matching training, we replaced both of the samples, acquisition took five times longer than if we replaced only one of the samples. Apparently, the opportunity to reject one of the comparisons facilitated the association of the other sample with the remaining comparison. In Experiment 2, we first trained pigeons to treat two samples differently (to associate Sample A with Comparison 1 and Sample B with Comparison 2) and then trained them to associate one of those samples with a new comparison (e.g., Sample A with Comparison 3) and to associate a novel sample (Sample C) with a different, new comparison (Comparison 4). When Sample B then replaced Sample C, the pigeons showed a significant tendency to choose Comparison 4 over Comparison 3. Thus, when given the opportunity, pigeons will choose by exclusion. |
Address |
University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA |
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English |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
1069-9384 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Area |
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Conference |
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Notes |
PMID:15000545 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
233 |
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Author |
Dunbar, K.; MacLeod, C.M. |
Title |
A horse race of a different color: Stroop interference patterns with transformed words |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1984 |
Publication |
Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform |
Volume |
10 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
622-639 |
Keywords |
*Attention; *Color Perception; Discrimination Learning; Humans; Orientation; Reaction Time; Reading; *Semantics |
Abstract |
Four experiments investigated Stroop interference using geometrically transformed words. Over experiments, reading was made increasingly difficult by manipulating orientation uncertainty and the number of noncolor words. As a consequence, time to read color words aloud increased dramatically. Yet, even when reading a color word was considerably slower than naming the color of ink in which the word was printed, Stroop interference persisted virtually unaltered. This result is incompatible with the simple horse race model widely used to explain color-word interference. When reading became extremely slow, a reversed Stroop effect--interference in reading the word due to an incongruent ink color--appeared for one transformation together with the standard Stroop interference. Whether or not the concept of automaticity is invoked, relative speed of processing the word versus the color does not provide an adequate overall explanation of the Stroop phenomenon. |
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English |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0096-1523 |
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Conference |
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Notes |
PMID:6238123 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4065 |
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Author |
Griffin, B. |
Title |
The use of fecal markers to facilitate sample collection in group-housed cats |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science / American Association for Laboratory Animal Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci |
Volume |
41 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
51-56 |
Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal; Biological Markers/*analysis; Cats/*physiology/psychology; Diet/veterinary; Feces/*chemistry; Food Coloring Agents/analysis; Housing, Animal; Individuality; Plastics/analysis; Specimen Handling/methods/*veterinary |
Abstract |
The provision of proper social housing is a priority when designing an experiment using domestic cats as laboratory animals. When animals are group-housed, studies requiring analysis of stool samples from individual subjects pose difficulty in sample collection and identification. In this study, commercially available concentrated food colorings (known as bakers pastes) were used as fecal markers in group-housed cats. Cats readily consumed 0.5 ml of bakers paste food coloring once daily in canned cat food. Colorings served as fecal markers by imparting a distinct color to each cat s feces, allowing identification in the litter box. In addition, colored glitter (1/8 teaspoon in canned food) was fed to cats and found to be a reliable fecal marker. Long-term feeding of colorings and glitter was found to be safe and effective at yielding readily identifiable stools. |
Address |
Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Alabama 36841, USA |
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English |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
1060-0558 |
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Notes |
PMID:11958604 |
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no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4165 |
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Author |
Hall, C.A.; Cassaday, H.J.; Vincent, C.J.; Derrington, A.M. |
Title |
Cone excitation ratios correlate with color discrimination performance in the horse (Equus caballus) |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983) |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Comp Psychol |
Volume |
120 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
438-448 |
Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal; *Color Perception; *Discrimination (Psychology); Discrimination Learning; Horses; Photoreceptors, Vertebrate/*physiology |
Abstract |
Six horses (Equus caballus) were trained to discriminate color from grays in a counterbalanced sequence in which lightness cues were irrelevant. Subsequently, the pretrained colors were presented in a different sequence. Two sets of novel colors paired with novel grays were also tested. Performance was just as good in these transfer tests. Once the horse had learned to select the chromatic from the achromatic stimulus, regardless of the specific color, they were immediately able to apply this rule to novel stimuli. In terms of the underlying visual mechanisms, the present study showed for the first time that the spectral sensitivity of horse cone photopigments, measured as cone excitation ratios, was correlated with color discrimination performance, measured as accuracy, repeated errors, and latency of approach. |
Address |
School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Southwell, United Kingdom. carol.hall@ntu.ac.uk |
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English |
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ISSN |
0735-7036 |
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Notes |
PMID:17115866 |
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no |
Call Number |
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Serial |
1780 |
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Author |
Hampton, R.R.; Shettleworth, S.J. |
Title |
Hippocampal lesions impair memory for location but not color in passerine birds |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1996 |
Publication |
Behavioral neuroscience |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav Neurosci |
Volume |
110 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
831-835 |
Keywords |
Animals; Appetitive Behavior/physiology; Birds/*physiology; Brain Mapping; Color Perception/*physiology; Discrimination Learning/physiology; Hippocampus/*physiology; Long-Term Potentiation/physiology; Mental Recall/*physiology; Orientation/*physiology; Species Specificity |
Abstract |
The effects of hippocampal complex lesions on memory for location and color were assessed in black-capped chickadees (Parus atricapillus) and dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis) in operant tests of matching to sample. Before surgery, most birds were more accurate on tests of memory for location than on tests of memory for color. Damage to the hippocampal complex caused a decline in memory for location, whereas memory for color was not affected in the same birds. This dissociation indicates that the avian hippocampus plays an important role in spatial cognition and suggests that this brain structure may play no role in working memory generally. |
Address |
Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
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English |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0735-7044 |
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Notes |
PMID:8864273 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
376 |
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Author |
Hanggi, E.B.; Ingersoll, J.F.; Waggoner, T.L. |
Title |
Color vision in horses (Equus caballus): deficiencies identified using a pseudoisochromatic plate test |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Journal of Comparative Psychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Comp. Psychol. |
Volume |
121 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
65-72 |
Keywords |
Animals; Appetitive Behavior; *Color Perception; Color Perception Tests/veterinary; *Discrimination Learning; Female; Horses/*psychology; Male; Sensitivity and Specificity |
Abstract |
In the past, equine color vision was tested with stimuli composed either of painted cards or photographic slides or through physiological testing using electroretinogram flicker photometry. Some studies produced similar results, but others did not, demonstrating that there was not yet a definitive answer regarding color vision in horses (Equus caballus). In this study, a pseudoisochromatic plate test--which is highly effective in testing color vision both in small children and in adult humans--was used for the first time on a nonhuman animal. Stimuli consisted of different colored dotted circles set against backgrounds of varying dots. The coloration of the circles corresponded to the visual capabilities of different types of color deficiencies (anomalous trichromacy and dichromacy). Four horses were tested on a 2-choice discrimination task. All horses successfully reached criterion for gray circles and demonstration circles. None of the horses were able to discriminate the protan-deutan plate or the individual protan or deutan plates. However, all were able to discriminate the tritan plate. The results suggest that horses are dichromats with color vision capabilities similar to those of humans with red-green color deficiencies. |
Address |
Equine Research Foundation, Aptos, CA 95001, USA. EquiResF@aol.com |
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0735-7036 |
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Notes |
PMID:17324076 |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ ; Equine Behaviour @ team @ room B 3.029 |
Serial |
1972 |
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Author |
Hauber, M.E.; Sherman, P.W. |
Title |
Designing and interpreting experimental tests of self-referent phenotype matching |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
Volume |
6 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
69-71 |
Keywords |
Animals; Birds; Body Constitution; Color; Humans; Pedigree; *Perception; Phenotype; *Recognition (Psychology); Research Design; *Self Psychology |
Abstract |
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Address |
Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-2702, USA |
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English |
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Edition |
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1435-9448 |
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Notes |
PMID:12658536 |
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no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2580 |
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