| Records |
| Author |
Crook, J.H. |
| Title |
On attributing consciousness to animals |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year  |
1983 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
| Volume |
303 |
Issue |
5912 |
Pages |
11-14 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Cognition; *Consciousness; Evolution; Learning |
| Abstract |
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| Language |
English |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0028-0836 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:6843653 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2795 |
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| Author |
Matsuzawa, T. |
| Title |
Use of numbers by a chimpanzee |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1985 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
| Volume |
315 |
Issue |
6014 |
Pages |
57-59 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Cognition; Female; Mathematics; Pan troglodytes/*physiology |
| Abstract |
Recent studies have examined linguistic abilities in apes. However, although human mathematical abilities seem to be derived from the same foundation as those in language, we have little evidence for mathematical abilities in apes (but for exceptions see refs 7-10). In the present study, a 5-yr-old female chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), 'Ai', was trained to use Arabic numerals to name the number of items in a display. Ai mastered numerical naming from one to six and was able to name the number, colour and object of 300 types of samples. Although no particular sequence of describing samples was required, the chimpanzee favoured two sequences (colour/object/number and object/colour/number). The present study demonstrates that the chimpanzee was able to describe the three attributes of the sample items and spontaneously organized the 'word order'. |
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English |
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| ISSN |
0028-0836 |
ISBN |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:3990808 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2793 |
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| Author |
McGonigle, B. |
| Title |
Can apes learn to count? |
Type |
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| Year |
1985 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
| Volume |
315 |
Issue |
6014 |
Pages |
16-17 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Cognition; Pan troglodytes/*physiology |
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English |
Summary Language |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0028-0836 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:3990806 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2794 |
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| Author |
Gallup, G.G.J. |
| Title |
Do minds exist in species other than our own? |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1985 |
Publication |
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews |
Abbreviated Journal |
Neurosci Biobehav Rev |
| Volume |
9 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
631-641 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Awareness; *Behavior, Animal; Child Psychology; Child, Preschool; *Cognition; Consciousness; Evolution; Humans; Infant; Language; Pan troglodytes; Philosophy; Psychological Theory; Species Specificity |
| Abstract |
An answer to the question of animal awareness depends on evidence, not intuition, anecdote, or debate. This paper examines some of the problems inherent in an analysis of animal awareness, and whether animals might be aware of being aware is offered as a more meaningful distinction. A framework is presented which can be used to make a determination about the extent to which other species have experiences similar to ours based on their ability to make inferences and attributions about mental states in others. The evidence from both humans and animals is consistent with the idea that the capacity to use experience to infer the experience of others is a byproduct of self-awareness. |
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English |
Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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| Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0149-7634 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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| Area |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:4080281 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2808 |
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| Author |
Epstein, R. |
| Title |
Animal cognition as the praxist views it |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1985 |
Publication |
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews |
Abbreviated Journal |
Neurosci Biobehav Rev |
| Volume |
9 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
623-630 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Behavioral Sciences/*trends; Behaviorism; *Cognition; Columbidae; History, 18th Century; History, 19th Century; Humans; Models, Psychological; Problem Solving; Psychological Theory; Psychology/history/trends |
| Abstract |
The distinction between psychology and praxics provides a clear answer to the question of animal cognition. As Griffin and others have noted, the kinds of behavioral phenomena that lead psychologists to speak of cognition in humans are also observed in nonhuman animals, and therefore those who are convinced of the legitimacy of psychology should not hesitate to speak of and to attempt to study animal cognition. The behavior of organisms is also a legitimate subject matter, and praxics, the study of behavior, has led to significant advances in our understanding of the kinds of behaviors that lead psychologists to speak of cognition. Praxics is a biological science; the attempt by students of behavior to appropriate psychology has been misguided. Generativity theory is an example of a formal theory of behavior that has proved useful both in the engineering of intelligent performances in nonhuman animals and in the prediction of intelligent performances in humans. |
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English |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0149-7634 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:3909017 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2809 |
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| Author |
Urcuioli, P.J.; Zentall, T.R. |
| Title |
Retrospective coding in pigeons' delayed matching-to-sample |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1986 |
Publication |
Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
| Volume |
12 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
69-77 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Color Perception; Columbidae; *Discrimination Learning; *Form Perception; *Memory; *Mental Recall; Orientation; *Pattern Recognition, Visual; Retention (Psychology) |
| Abstract |
In this study we examined how coding processes in pigeons' delayed matching-to-sample were affected by the stimuli to be remembered. In Experiment 1, two groups of pigeons initially learned 0-delay matching-to-sample with identical comparison stimuli (vertical and horizontal lines) but with different sample stimuli (red and green hues or vertical and horizontal lines). Longer delays were then introduced between sample offset and comparison onset to assess whether pigeons were prospectively coding the same events (viz., the correct line comparisons) or retrospectively coding different events (viz., their respective sample stimuli). The hue-sample group matched more accurately and showed a slower rate of forgetting than the line-sample group. In Experiment 2, pigeons were trained with either hues or lines as both sample and comparison stimuli, or with hue samples and line comparisons or vice versa. Subsequent delay tests revealed that the hue-sample groups remembered more accurately and generally showed slower rates of forgetting than the line-sample groups. Comparison dimension had little or no effect on performance. Together, these data suggest that pigeons retrospectively code the samples in delayed matching-to-sample. |
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Place of Publication |
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English |
Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0097-7403 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:3701260 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
263 |
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| Author |
Cheney, D.; Seyfarth, R.; Smuts, B. |
| Title |
Social relationships and social cognition in nonhuman primates |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1986 |
Publication |
Science (New York, N.Y.) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
| Volume |
234 |
Issue |
4782 |
Pages |
1361-1366 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Cognition; Female; Male; Pair Bond; Primates/*physiology; *Social Behavior; Social Dominance; Social Perception |
| Abstract |
Complex social relationships among nonhuman primates appear to contribute to individual reproductive success. Experiments with and behavioral observations of natural populations suggest that sophisticated cognitive mechanisms may underlie primate social relationships. Similar capacities are usually less apparent in the nonsocial realm, supporting the view that at least some aspects of primate intelligence evolved to solve the challenges of interacting with conspecifics. |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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| Language |
English |
Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0036-8075 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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| Area |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:3538419 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
349 |
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| Author |
Cynx, J.; Hulse, S.H.; Polyzois, S. |
| Title |
A psychophysical measure of pitch discrimination loss resulting from a frequency range constraint in European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1986 |
Publication |
Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
| Volume |
12 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
394-402 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Birds; Cognition; Female; *Generalization, Stimulus; Male; *Pitch Discrimination; Psychoacoustics; Transfer (Psychology) |
| Abstract |
Earlier research (Hulse & Cynx, 1985) revealed that a number of species of songbirds acquired a pitch discrimination between rising and falling sequences in an arbitrarily defined training range of frequencies, but then failed to generalize the discrimination to new frequency ranges--a frequency range constraint. The two experiments here provide a psychophysical estimate of how pitch discrimination deteriorated in one species as sequences were stepped out from the training range. The gradient showing loss of discrimination was much sharper than would have been anticipated by stimulus generalization or the training procedures, and appeared unaffected by the removal of rising and falling frequency information. The frequency range constraint and its psychophysical properties have implications both for the analysis of birdsong and the study of animal cognition. |
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English |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0097-7403 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:3772303 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2786 |
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| Author |
Rumbaugh, D.M.; Savage-Rumbaugh, S.; Hegel, M.T. |
| Title |
Summation in the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1987 |
Publication |
Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
| Volume |
13 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
107-115 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Choice Behavior; *Cognition; Male; *Mathematics; *Pan troglodytes; Visual Perception |
| Abstract |
In this research, we asked whether 2 chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) subjects could reliably sum across pairs of quantities to select the greater total. Subjects were allowed to choose between two trays of chocolates. Each tray contained two food wells. To select the tray containing the greater number of chocolates, it was necessary to sum the contents of the food wells on each tray. In experiments where food wells contained from zero to four chocolates, the chimpanzees chose the greater value of the summed wells on more than 90% of the trials. In the final experiment, the maximum number of chocolates assigned to a food well was increased to five. Choice of the tray containing the greater sum still remained above 90%. In all experiments, subjects reliably chose the greater sum, even though on many trials a food well on the “incorrect” tray held more chocolates than either single well on the “correct” tray. It was concluded that without any known ability to count, these chimpanzees used some process of summation to combine spatially separated quantities. Speculation regarding the basis for summation includes consideration of perceptual fusion of pairs of quantities and subitization. |
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English |
Summary Language |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0097-7403 |
ISBN |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:3572305 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2785 |
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| Author |
Terrace, H.S. |
| Title |
Chunking by a pigeon in a serial learning task |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1987 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
| Volume |
325 |
Issue |
7000 |
Pages |
149-151 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Cognition/*physiology; Columbidae/*physiology; Feedback; Learning/*physiology; Male |
| Abstract |
A basic principle of human memory is that lists that can be organized into memorable 'chunks' are easier to remember. Memory span is limited to a roughly constant number of chunks and is to a large extent independent of the amount of informaton contained in each chunk. Depending on the ingenuity of the code used to integrate discrete items into chunks, one can substantially increase the number of items that can be recalled correctly. Newly developed paradigms for studying memory in non-verbal organisms allow comparison of the abilities of human and non-human subjects to memorize lists. Here I present two types of evidence that pigeons 'chunk' 5-element lists whose components (colours and achromatic geometric forms) are clustered into distinct groups. Those lists were learned twice as rapidly as a homogeneous list of colours or heterogeneous lists in which the elements are not clustered. The pigeons were also tested for knowledge of the order of two elements drawn from the 5-element lists. They responded in the correct order only to those subsets that contained a chunk boundary. Thus chunking can be studied profitably in animal subjects; the cognitive processes that allow an organism to form chunks do no presuppose linguistic competence. |
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English |
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Series Title |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0028-0836 |
ISBN |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:3808071 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2792 |
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