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| Author | KOIZUMI, R.; MITANI, T.; UEDA, K.; KONDO, S. | ||||
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Skill reading of human social cues by horses (Equus caballus) reared under year-round grazing conditions | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2017 | Publication | Animal Behaviour and Management | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 53 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 69-78 |
| Keywords | horse behavior, human-horse communication, animal cognition, social cue | ||||
| Abstract | Animals use communicative signals, such as gesture or gaze, to communicate to someone the intention or expression of the sender, which is called social cue. In the previous studies, it was suggested the skill of reading human social cue in domestic animals are influenced to the domestication, the experience contacting with human and training to obey human. In this present study, we tested the skill for horses (Equus caballus) kept in year-round grazing conditions using 33 horses differed from breed and the degree of the experience with human by object-choice task subjects choosing either of bait boxes located at the end of experimenter. As results, non-socialized horses hardly responded to human social cues. Habituated horses that were both of trained and untrained responded to human social cues, but their accuracy rates were not more than 50% except for two trained subjects. For the skill of reading human social cues, there was high individual variation in responding to human social cues in horses kept in year-round grazing conditions. The individual characteristics influenced to it more than domestication, the experience with human, and training to obey human. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6168 | ||
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| Author | Schwartz, B.L.; Colon, M.R.; Sanchez, I.C.; Rodriguez, I.A.; Evans, S. | ||||
| Title |
Single-trial learning of “what” and “who” information in a gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla): implications for episodic memory | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2002 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume | 5 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 85-90 |
| Keywords | Animals; Cognition; Gorilla gorilla/*psychology; *Learning; Male; *Memory; Perception; Reinforcement Schedule | ||||
| Abstract | Single-trial learning and long-term memory of “what” and “who” information were examined in an adult gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). We presented the gorilla with a to-be-remembered food item at the time of study. In Experiment 1, following a retention interval of either approximately 7 min or 24 h, the gorilla responded with one of five cards, each corresponding to a particular food. The gorilla was accurate on 70% of the short retention-interval trials and on 82% of the long retention-interval trials. In Experiment 2, the food stimulus was provided by one of two experimenters, each of whom was represented by a card. The gorilla identified the food (55% of the time) and the experimenter (82% of the time) on the short retention-interval trials. On the long retention-interval trials, the gorilla was accurate for the food (73%) and for the person (87%). The results are interpreted in light of theories of episodic memory. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, Florida International University, University Park, Miami, FL 33199, USA. schwartb@fiu.edu | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1435-9448 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:12150040 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2604 | ||
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| Author | McLean, A.N. | ||||
| Title |
Short-term spatial memory in the domestic horse | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 85 | Issue | 1-2 | Pages | 93-105 |
| Keywords | Animal cognition; Delayed response; Equine memory; Horse; Object permanence; Temporal cognition | ||||
| Abstract | This study investigates the ability of horses to recall a feeding event in a two-point choice apparatus. Twelve horses were individually tested whereby they were maintained immobile in a test arena and visually and aurally experienced the delivery of food into one of two feed goals. The horses were then released to make their choice in two experimental contexts: immediate release after experiencing the delivery of food, and release 10 s after food delivery. Each horse performed 40 immediate-release (IR) trials, followed by forty 10-s release trials over a 3-day period. In addition, the same horses were tested 3 months later in the spring with the same number and sequence of trials. Results were analysed by log-linear analysis of frequencies. Results showed that while horses were able to achieve the correct feed goal choice in the immediate-release trials, they were unsuccessful with the 10-s release trials. This suggests that there are limitations in recall abilities in horses, in that they may not possess a prospective type of memory. There are welfare and training implications in these findings concerning the effects of overestimating the mental abilities of horses during training and the effects of delays in reinforcements. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 403 | ||
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| Author | Merchant, H.; Fortes, A.F.; Georgopoulos, A.P. | ||||
| Title |
Short-term memory effects on the representation of two-dimensional space in the rhesus monkey | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume | 7 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 133-143 |
| Keywords | Analysis of Variance; Animals; Discrimination Learning/*physiology; Macaca mulatta; Male; Memory, Short-Term/*physiology; Mental Processes/*physiology; Pattern Recognition, Visual/*physiology; Space Perception/*physiology | ||||
| Abstract | Human subjects represent the location of a point in 2D space using two independent dimensions (x-y in Euclidean or radius-angle in polar space), and encode location in memory along these dimensions using two levels of representation: a fine-grain value and a category. Here we determined whether monkeys possessed the ability to represent location with these two levels of coding. A rhesus monkey was trained to reproduce the location of a dot in a circle by pointing, after a delay period, on the location where a dot was presented. Five different delay periods (0.5-5 s) were used. The results showed that the monkey used a polar coordinate system to represent the fine-grain spatial coding, where the radius and angle of the dots were encoded independently. The variability of the spatial response and reaction time increased with longer delays. Furthermore, the animal was able to form a categorical representation of space that was delay-dependent. The responses avoided the circumference and the center of the circle, defining a categorical radial prototype around one third of the total radial length. This radial category was observed only at delay durations of 3-5 s. Finally, the monkey also formed angular categories with prototypes at the obliques of the quadrants of the circle, avoiding the horizontal and vertical axes. However, these prototypes were only observed at the 5-s delay and on dots lying on the circumference. These results indicate that monkeys may possess spatial cognitive abilities similar to humans. | ||||
| Address | Brain Sciences Center (11B), Veterans Affairs Medical Center, One Veterans Drive, MN 55417, Minneapolis, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1435-9448 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:14669074 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2548 | ||
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| Author | Gabor, V.; Gerken, M. | ||||
| Title |
Shetland ponies (Equus caballus) show quantity discrimination | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2015 | Publication | Proceedings of the 3. International Equine Science Meeting | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 3. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
| Keywords | Cognition, numerical capacity, numerosity judgment, Shetland ponys | ||||
| Abstract | The complex housing environment and the close contact between humans and horses in equine sports place high demands on the learning capacity of horses. To date only limited information is available on the learning ability of the horse including higher order cognition. A type of higher order cognition is to perceive and discriminate quantities. Several mammals and birds have shown to be capable of discriminating objects due to their quantity (Brannon and Roitman, 2003). With regard to horses, there are only few studies available concerning their numerosity judgment (Uller and Lewis, 2009) and this ability is discussed controversially (Henselek et al, 2012). Possibly, the legacy of ‘‘Clever Hans’’ overshadowed further research on numerical capacity in horses, a horse to whom several psychologists incorrectly attributed the capacity of symbolic calculation (Pfungst, 1907; Rosenthal, 1965). In the present study we wanted to show whether Shetland ponies are able to transfer a previously learned concept of sameness to a numerosity judgment. The base of the test design was a “matching to sample” task, where the ponies had learned to relate abstract symbols to another which were presented on a LCD screen. Three Shetland ponies, which previously solved the matching to sample task, were tested in two test phases. In the first test phase different quantities of dots were presented (1 vs. 2; 2 vs. 3; 3 vs. 4; 4 vs. 5). To exclude discrimination due to the shape of the stimuli, the dots were varied in size and arrangement. The stimuli were presented in a triangular arrangement on the LCD screen; the sample stimulus was presented in the middle above and the discrimination stimuli in the two lower corners (S+ and S-). The pony received a food reward, by choosing the positive stimulus (S+). When the negative stimulus (S-) was chosen, the pony entered the next trial. Each learning session consisted of 20 decision trials. To investigate whether the numerosity judgment was transferable to mixed geometrical symbols (tri-, rectangle, rhomb, dot and cross) a second test phase was designed. All of the three Shetland ponies met the learning criterion of the first test phase (80% correct responses in two consecutive sessions) within the first eight sessions. One pony could transfer all judgments to the mixed symbols (up to 4 vs. 5), another pony up to 3 vs. 5 and the third on the level 2 vs. 3. These are the first reported findings that ponies are able to discriminate up to five objects. The numerosity judgment seemed to be easier for the ponies when homogenous objects were presented, than in the case of heterogeneous symbols. The reaction of the ponies occurred within few seconds, suggesting that the animals used subitizing for their numerosity judgment. Keywords: Cognition, numerical capacity, numerosity judgment, Shetland ponys References: Brannon E, Roitman J (2003) Nonverbal representations of time and number in animals and human infants. In: Meck WH (ed) Functional and neural mechanisms of interval timing. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 143–182 Henselek Y, Fischer J, Schloegl C (2012) Does the stimulus type influence horses’ performance in a quantity discrimination task? Front Psychol 3:504 Pfungst O (1907) Der Kluge Hans. Ein Beitrag zur nicht-verbalen Kommunikation. 3rd edn. (reprint of the original 1983) Frankfurter Fachbuchhandlung für Psychologie, Frankfurt Rosenthal R (1965) Clever Hans: the horse of Mr. Von Osten. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York Uller C, Lewis J (2009) Horses (Equus caballus) select the greater of two quantities in small numerical sets. Anim Cogn 12:733–738 |
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| Corporate Author | Gabor, V. | Thesis | |||
| Publisher | Xenophon Publishing | Place of Publication | Wald | Editor | ; Krueger, K. |
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| ISSN | 978-3-95625-000-2 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Id - | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5894 | ||
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| Author | Weir, A.A.S.; Chappell, J.; Kacelnik, A. | ||||
| Title |
Shaping of hooks in New Caledonian crows | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2002 | Publication | Science (New York, N.Y.) | Abbreviated Journal | Science |
| Volume | 297 | Issue | 5583 | Pages | 981 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; Female; Male; Songbirds/*physiology | ||||
| Abstract | |||||
| Address | Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1095-9203 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:12169726 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2842 | ||
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| Author | Koba, R.; Izumi, A. | ||||
| Title |
Sex categorization of conspecific pictures in Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume | 9 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 183-191 |
| Keywords | Animals; Conditioning, Operant; *Discrimination (Psychology); Female; *Generalization (Psychology); Macaca/*psychology; Male; *Pattern Recognition, Visual; Photography; Recognition (Psychology); *Sex Characteristics | ||||
| Abstract | We investigated whether monkeys discriminate the sex of individuals from their pictures. Whole-body pictures of adult and nonadult monkeys were used as stimuli. Two male Japanese monkeys were trained for a two-choice sex categorization task in which each of two choice pictures were assigned to male and female, respectively. Following the training, the monkeys were presented with novel monkey pictures, and whether they had acquired the categorization task was tested. The results suggested that while monkeys discriminate between the pictures of adult males and females, discrimination of nonadult pictures was difficult. Partial presentations of the pictures showed that conspicuous and sexually characteristic parts (i.e., underbellies including male scrotums or breasts including female nipples) played an important role in the sex categorization. | ||||
| Address | Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kanrin 41, Inuyama, 484-8506, Japan | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1435-9448 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:16612631 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2470 | ||
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| Author | Beran, M.J.; Pate, J.L.; Washburn, D.A.; Rumbaugh, D.M. | ||||
| Title |
Sequential responding and planning in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
| Volume | 30 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 203-212 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Cognition; Female; Goals; Learning; Macaca mulatta/*psychology; Male; *Mathematics; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; Task Performance and Analysis | ||||
| Abstract | Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) selected either Arabic numerals or colored squares on a computer monitor in a learned sequence. On shift trials, the locations of 2 stimuli were interchanged at some point. More errors were made when this interchange occurred for the next 2 stimuli to be selected than when the interchange was for stimuli later in the sequence. On mask trials, all remaining stimuli were occluded after the 1st selection. Performance exceeded chance levels for only 1 selection after these masks were applied. There was no difference in performance for either stimulus type (numerals or colors). The data indicated that the animals planned only the next selection during these computerized tasks as opposed to planning the entire response sequence. | ||||
| Address | Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta 30303, USA. mjberan@yahoo.com | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0097-7403 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:15279511 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2767 | ||
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| Author | Hauser, M.D.; Kralik, J.; Botto-Mahan, C.; Garrett, M.; Oser, J. | ||||
| Title |
Self-recognition in primates: phylogeny and the salience of species-typical features | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1995 | Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
| Volume | 92 | Issue | 23 | Pages | 10811-10814 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; Discrimination (Psychology); Exploratory Behavior; Female; Hair Color; Male; Phylogeny; Psychology, Comparative; Research Design; Saguinus/*psychology; *Self Concept; Species Specificity; Touch; *Visual Perception | ||||
| Abstract | Self-recognition has been explored in nonlinguistic organisms by recording whether individuals touch a dye-marked area on visually inaccessible parts of their face while looking in a mirror or inspect parts of their body while using the mirror's reflection. Only chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, and humans over the age of approximately 2 years consistently evidence self-directed mirror-guided behavior without experimenter training. To evaluate the inferred phylogenetic gap between hominoids and other animals, a modified dye-mark test was conducted with cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus), a New World monkey species. The white hair on the tamarins' head was color-dyed, thereby significantly altering a visually distinctive species-typical feature. Only individuals with dyed hair and prior mirror exposure touched their head while looking in the mirror. They looked longer in the mirror than controls, and some individuals used the mirror to observe visually inaccessible body parts. Prior failures to pass the mirror test may have been due to methodological problems, rather than to phylogenetic differences in the capacity for self-recognition. Specifically, an individual's sensitivity to experimentally modified parts of its body may depend crucially on the relative saliency of the modified part (e.g., face versus hair). Moreover, and in contrast to previous claims, we suggest that the mirror test may not be sufficient for assessing the concept of self or mental state attribution in nonlinguistic organisms. | ||||
| Address | Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0027-8424 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:7479889 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2825 | ||
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| Author | Plotnik, J.M.; de Waal, F.B.M.; Reiss, D. | ||||
| Title |
Self-recognition in an Asian elephant | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
| Volume | 103 | Issue | 45 | Pages | 17053-17057 |
| Keywords | Animals; Asia; *Behavior, Animal; Cognition; Elephants/*psychology; Female; Photic Stimulation | ||||
| Abstract | Considered an indicator of self-awareness, mirror self-recognition (MSR) has long seemed limited to humans and apes. In both phylogeny and human ontogeny, MSR is thought to correlate with higher forms of empathy and altruistic behavior. Apart from humans and apes, dolphins and elephants are also known for such capacities. After the recent discovery of MSR in dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), elephants thus were the next logical candidate species. We exposed three Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) to a large mirror to investigate their responses. Animals that possess MSR typically progress through four stages of behavior when facing a mirror: (i) social responses, (ii) physical inspection (e.g., looking behind the mirror), (iii) repetitive mirror-testing behavior, and (iv) realization of seeing themselves. Visible marks and invisible sham-marks were applied to the elephants' heads to test whether they would pass the litmus “mark test” for MSR in which an individual spontaneously uses a mirror to touch an otherwise imperceptible mark on its own body. Here, we report a successful MSR elephant study and report striking parallels in the progression of responses to mirrors among apes, dolphins, and elephants. These parallels suggest convergent cognitive evolution most likely related to complex sociality and cooperation. | ||||
| Address | Living Links, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, and Department of Psychology, Emory University, 532 North Kligo Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0027-8424 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:17075063 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 408 | ||
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