Records |
Author |
Munoz-Sanz, A. |
Title |
[Christopher Columbus flu. A hypothesis for an ecological catastrophe] |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiologia Clinica |
Abbreviated Journal |
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin |
Volume |
24 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
326-334 |
Keywords |
Animals; Atlantic Islands; Birds; Chickens; Disease Outbreaks/*history; Disease Reservoirs; Disease Susceptibility; Ecology; Europe/ethnology; History, 15th Century; Horses; Humans; Indians, South American; Influenza A virus/classification/genetics/pathogenicity; Influenza in Birds/epidemiology/history/transmission/virology; Influenza, Human/epidemiology/*history/mortality/transmission; Models, Biological; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/epidemiology/history/veterinary/virology; Poultry Diseases/epidemiology/history/transmission/virology; Reassortant Viruses/genetics/pathogenicity; Species Specificity; Sus scrofa; Swine Diseases/history/transmission/virology; Terminology; West Indies/epidemiology |
Abstract |
When Christopher Columbus and his men embarked on the second Colombian expedition to the New World (1493), the crew suffered from fever, respiratory symptoms and malaise. It is generally accepted that the disease was influenza. Pigs, horses and hens acquired in Gomera (Canary Islands) traveled in the same ship. The pigs may well have been the origin of the flu and the intermediary hosts for genetic recombination of other viral subtypes. The Caribbean archipelago had a large population of birds, the natural reservoir of the avian influenza virus. In this ecological scenario there was a concurrence of several biological elements that had never before coexisted in the New World: pigs, horses, the influenza virus and humans. We propose that birds are likely to have played an important role in the epidemiology of the flu occurring on the second Colombian trip, which caused a fatal demographic catastrophe, with an estimated mortality of 90% among the natives. |
Address |
Unidad de Patologia Infecciosa, Hospital Universitario Infanta Cristina, Servicio Extremeno de Salud, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Espana. infectio@unex.es |
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Language |
Spanish |
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Original Title |
La gripe de Cristobal Colon. Hipotesis sobre una catastrofe ecologica |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0213-005X |
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Conference |
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Notes |
PMID:16762260 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2624 |
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Author |
Tommasi, L.; Polli, C. |
Title |
Representation of two geometric features of the environment in the domestic chick ( Gallus gallus) |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
Volume |
7 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
53-59 |
Keywords |
Animals; Chickens/*physiology; *Cues; Feeding Behavior/*physiology; Male; Pattern Recognition, Visual/*physiology |
Abstract |
We report experiments based on a novel test in domestic chicks ( Gallus gallus), designed to examine the encoding of two different geometric features of an enclosed environment: relative lengths of the walls and amplitude of the corners. Chicks were trained to search for a food reward located in one corner of a parallelogram-shaped enclosure. Between trials, chicks were passively disoriented and the enclosure was rotated, making reorientation possible only on the basis of the internal spatial structure of the enclosure. In order to reorient, chicks could rely on two sources of information: the relative lengths of the walls of the enclosure (associated to their left-right sense order) and the angles subtended by walls at corners. Chicks learned the task choosing equally often the reinforced corner and its rotational equivalent. Results of tests carried out in novel enclosures, the shapes of which were chosen ad hoc (1) to induce reorientation based only on the ratio of walls lengths plus sense (rectangular enclosure), or (2) to induce reorientation based only on corner angles (rhombus-shaped enclosure), suggested that chicks encoded both features of the environment. In a third test, in which chicks faced a conflict between these geometric features (mirror parallelogram-shaped enclosure), reorientation seemed to depend on the salience of corner angles. These results shed light on the elements of the environmental geometry which control spatial reorientation, and broaden the knowledge on the geometric representation of space in animals. |
Address |
Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padua, Italy. ltommasi@unipd.it |
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English |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
1435-9448 |
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Notes |
PMID:12884079 |
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no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2561 |
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Author |
Nelson, W.A.; Keirans, J.E.; Bell, J.F.; Clifford, C.M. |
Title |
Host-ectoparasite relationships |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1975 |
Publication |
Journal of Medical Entomology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Med Entomol |
Volume |
12 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
143-166 |
Keywords |
Animal Nutrition Physiology; Animals; Anoplura/physiology; *Arthropods; Birds/parasitology; Chickens/parasitology; Dermacentor/parasitology; Diptera; Ecology; Feeding Behavior; Female; Horses/parasitology; Humans; Male; Mallophaga/physiology; Mice/parasitology; Mites/physiology; Reproduction; Sarcoptes scabiei/physiology; Sheep/parasitology; Skin/parasitology; Ticks/physiology; Toxins, Biological/toxicity; Trombiculidae/physiology |
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English |
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ISSN |
0022-2585 |
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Notes |
PMID:808617 |
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no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2704 |
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Author |
Rumiantsev, S.N. |
Title |
[Biological function of Clostridium tetani toxin (ecological and evolutionary aspects)] |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1973 |
Publication |
Zhurnal Evoliutsionnoi Biokhimii i Fiziologii |
Abbreviated Journal |
Zh Evol Biokhim Fiziol |
Volume |
9 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
474-480 |
Keywords |
Animals; Cats; Chickens; Dogs; Ecology; Evolution; Goats; Guinea Pigs; Haplorhini; Horses; Insectivora; Mice; Perissodactyla; Rabbits; Rats; Sheep; *Tetanus Toxin |
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Language |
Russian |
Summary Language |
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Original Title |
K voprosu biologicheskoi funktsii toksina Clostridium tetani (ekologicheskie i evolutsionnye aspekty |
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ISSN |
0044-4529 |
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Notes |
PMID:4203684 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2713 |
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Author |
Tempelis, C.H.; Nelson, R.L. |
Title |
Blood-feeding patterns of midges of the Culicoides variipennis complex in Kern County, California |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1971 |
Publication |
Journal of Medical Entomology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Med Entomol |
Volume |
8 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
532-534 |
Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cattle; Ceratopogonidae/*immunology; Chickens; Dogs; Ecology; Feeding Behavior; Female; Horses; Humans; Immune Sera; Mice; Precipitin Tests; Rabbits; Rats; Sciuridae; Sheep |
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English |
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Series Issue |
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ISSN |
0022-2585 |
ISBN |
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Notes |
PMID:5160258 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2723 |
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Author |
Yamada, T.; Rojanasuphot, S.; Takagi, M.; Wungkobkiat, S.; Hirota, T. |
Title |
Studies on an epidemic of Japanese encephalitis in the northern region of Thailand in 1969 and 1970 |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1971 |
Publication |
Biken Journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Biken J |
Volume |
14 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
267-296 |
Keywords |
Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Arboviruses/immunology; Buffaloes; Cattle; Chickens; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross Reactions; Culicidae; Dengue Virus/immunology; Disease Outbreaks; Ducks; Ecology; Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/immunology/isolation & purification; Encephalitis, Japanese/cerebrospinal fluid/*epidemiology/immunology/microbiology/mortality; Female; Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral/epidemiology; Horses; Humans; Infant; Male; Mice; Neutralization Tests; Swine; Thailand |
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English |
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ISSN |
0006-2324 |
ISBN |
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Notes |
PMID:4400462 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2728 |
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Author |
Beerwerth, W.; Schurmann, J. |
Title |
[Contribution to the ecology of mycobacteria] |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1969 |
Publication |
Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde, Infektionskrankheiten und Hygiene. 1. Abt. Medizinisch-Hygienische Bakteriologie, Virusforschung und Parasitologie. Originale |
Abbreviated Journal |
Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig] |
Volume |
211 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
58-69 |
Keywords |
*Animal Feed; Animals; Cattle; Chickens; Ecology; Feces/*microbiology; *Food Microbiology; Germany, West; Horses; Hydroxides; Mycobacterium/classification/*isolation & purification; Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolation & purification; Oxalates; *Sewage; Sheep; Sodium; *Soil Microbiology; Swine; *Water Microbiology |
Abstract |
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German |
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Original Title |
Zur Okologie der Mykobakterien |
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ISSN |
0372-8110 |
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Notes |
PMID:4989344 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2743 |
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Author |
Swanson, J.C. |
Title |
Farm animal well-being and intensive production systems |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Journal of Animal Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Anim Sci. |
Volume |
73 |
Issue |
9 |
Pages |
2744-2751 |
Keywords |
Animal Husbandry/legislation & jurisprudence/*standards; Animal Rights/legislation & jurisprudence/standards; Animal Welfare/legislation & jurisprudence/*standards; Animals; Animals, Domestic/*growth & development/*physiology; Breeding/legislation & jurisprudence/*standards; Cattle; Chickens; Environment; Reproduction/physiology; Sheep; Swine |
Abstract |
Animal welfare, or well-being, is a social issue with ethical, scientific, political, and aesthetic properties. Answering questions about the welfare of animals requires scientific definition, assessment, solutions, and public acceptance. With respect to the actual well-being of the animal, most issues are centered on how the animal “feels” when managed within a specific level of confinement, during special agricultural practices (e.g., tail docking, beak trimming, etc.) and handling. Questions of this nature may require exploration of animal cognition, motivation, perception, and emotional states in addition to more commonly recognized indicators of well-being. Several general approaches have emerged for solving problems concerning animal well-being in intensive production systems: environmental, genetic, and therapeutic. Environmental approaches involve modifying existing systems to accommodate specific welfare concerns or development of alternative systems. Genetic approaches involve changing the behavioral and (or) physiological nature of the animal to reduce or eliminate behaviors that are undesirable within intensive system. Therapeutic approaches of a physical (tail docking, beak trimming) and physiological (drug and nutritional therapy) nature bring both concern and promise with regard to the reduction of confinement stress. Finally, the recent focus on commodity quality assurance programs may indirectly provide benefits for animal well-being. Although research in the area of animal well-being will provide important information for better animal management, handling, care, and the physical design of intensive production systems there is still some uncertainty regarding public acceptance. The aesthetics of modern intensive production systems may have as much to do with public acceptance as with science. |
Address |
Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506, USA |
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English |
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ISSN |
0021-8812 |
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Notes |
PMID:8582867 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2752 |
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Author |
Tommasi, L.; Vallortigara, G. |
Title |
Searching for the center: spatial cognition in the domestic chick (Gallus gallus) |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
Volume |
26 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
477-486 |
Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Chickens; Cognition/*physiology; Learning/physiology; Male; Space Perception/*physiology; Spatial Behavior/*physiology |
Abstract |
Chicks learned to find food hidden under sawdust by ground-scratching in the central position of the floor of a closed arena. When tested inan arena of identical shape but a larger area, chicks searched at 2 different locations, one corresponding to the correct distance (i.e., center) in the smaller (training) arena and the other to the actual center of the test arena. When tested in an arena of the same shape but a smaller area, chicks searched in the center of it. These results suggest that chicks are able to encode information on the absolute and relative distance of the food from the walls of the arena. After training in the presence of a landmark located at the center of the arena, animals searched at the center even after the removal of the landmark. Marked changes in the height of the walls of the arena produced some displacement in searching behavior, suggesting that chicks used the angular size of the walls to estimate distances. |
Address |
Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Italy |
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English |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0097-7403 |
ISBN |
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Notes |
PMID:11056887 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2774 |
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Author |
Foster, T.M.; Temple, W.; Cameron, B.; Poling, A. |
Title |
Demand curves for food in hens: Similarity under fixed-ratio and progressive-ratio schedules |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
Volume |
39 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
177-185 |
Keywords |
Progressive-ratio schedule; Fixed-ratio schedule; Demand curves; Behavioral economics; Animal welfare; Keypecking; Chickens |
Abstract |
Demand curves were generated for five domestic hens under progressive-ratio 5 schedules of food delivery and under fixed-ratio schedules of food delivery that began at fixed-ratio 5 and were incremented by 5 each session. All sessions ended after 10 consecutive minutes without a response. Although response rates at a given ratio were higher under the progressive-ratio schedule, all hens completed higher ratios under the fixed-ratio schedule. Similar, but not identical, demand curves were generated under progressive-ratio and fixed-ratio schedules. Under both schedules, consumption (reinforcers earned) decreased as cost (ratio size) increased. Data generally were well described by an equation in which elasticity of demand is constant, although an equation in which elasticity could vary accounted for slightly more of the variance. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3603 |
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