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	Author	Boysen, S.T.; Bernston, G.G.; Hannan, M.B.; Cacioppo, J.T.
	Title	Quantity-based interference and symbolic representations in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
	Volume	22	Issue	1	Pages	76-86
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cognition; Discrimination Learning; Female; Male; Pan troglodytes; *Reinforcement (Psychology); Task Performance and Analysis
	Abstract	Five chimpanzees with training in counting and numerical skills selected between 2 arrays of different amounts of candy or 2 Arabic numerals. A reversed reinforcement contingency was in effect, in which the selected array was removed and the subject received the nonselected candies (or the number of candies represented by the nonselected Arabic numeral). Animals were unable to maximize reward by selecting the smaller array when candies were used as array elements. When Arabic numerals were substituted for the candy arrays, all animals showed an immediate shift to a more optimal response strategy of selecting the smaller numeral, thereby receiving the larger reward. Results suggest that a response disposition to the high-incentive candy stimuli introduced a powerful interference effect on performance, which was effectively overridden by the use of symbolic representations.
	Address	Ohio State University, Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210-1222, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8568498			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2781
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	Author	Zentall, T.R.; Sherburne, L.M.; Roper, K.L.; Kraemer, P.J.
	Title	Value transfer in a simultaneous discrimination appears to result from within-event pavlovian conditioning			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
	Volume	22	Issue	1	Pages	68-75
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Columbidae; Conditioning, Classical; Discrimination Learning; Female; Male; *Reinforcement (Psychology)
	Abstract	When pigeons acquire a simple simultaneous discrimination, some of the value acquired by the S+ transfers to the S-. The mechanism underlying this transfer of value was examined in three experiments. In Experiment 1, pigeons trained on two simultaneous discriminations (A + B- and C +/- D-) showed a preference for B over D. This preference was reduced, however, following the devaluation of A. In Experiment 2, when after the same original training, value was given to D, the pigeons' preference for C did not significantly increase. In Experiment 3, when both discriminations involved partial reinforcement (S +/-), A + C- training resulted in a preference for B over D, whereas B + D- training resulted in a preference for A over C. Thus, simultaneous discrimination training appears to result in bidirectional within-event conditioning involving the S+ and S-.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky Lexington 40506, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8568497			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	255
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	Author	Fetterman, J.G.
	Title	Dimensions of stimulus complexity			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
	Volume	22	Issue	1	Pages	3-18
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cognition; Learning; Memory; Time Factors
	Abstract	Animal learning research has increasingly used complex stimuli that approximate natural objects, events, and locations, a trend that has accompanied a resurgence of interest in the role of cognitive factors in learning. Accounts of complex stimulus control have focused mainly on cognitive mechanisms and largely ignored the contribution of stimulus information to perception and memory for complex events. It is argued here that research on animal learning stands to benefit from a more detailed consideration of the stimulus and that James Gibson's stimulus-centered theory of perception serves as a useful framework for analyses of complex stimuli. Several issues in the field of animal learning and cognition are considered from the Gibsonian perspective on stimuli, including the fundamental problem of defining the effective stimulus.
	Address	Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis 46202, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8568494			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2782
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	Author	Madigan, J.E.; Kortz, G.; Murphy, C.; Rodger, L.
	Title	Photic headshaking in the horse: 7 cases			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	Equine Veterinary Journal	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J
	Volume	27	Issue	4	Pages	306-311
	Keywords	Animals; Anti-Allergic Agents/therapeutic use; Behavior, Animal; Cyproheptadine/therapeutic use; Female; Head; Horse Diseases/drug therapy/etiology; Horses; Light/adverse effects; Male; Movement Disorders/drug therapy/etiology/*veterinary
	Abstract	Seven horses with headshaking are described. No physical abnormalities were detected in any of the cases. Six of these horses had onset of clinical signs in the spring. The role of light was assessed by application of a blindfold or dark grey lens to the eyes, covering the eyes with a face mask and observing the horse in total darkness outdoors. Cessation of headshaking was observed with blindfolding (5/5 horses), night darkness outdoors (4/4 horses) and use of grey lenses (2/3 horses). Outdoor behaviour suggested efforts to avoid light in 4/4 cases. The photic sneeze in man is suggested as a putative mechanism for equine headshaking. Five of 7 horses had improvement with cyproheptadine treatment (0.3 mg/kg bwt b.i.d.). Headshaking developed within 2 calendar weeks of the same date for 3 consecutive years in one horse. Neuropharmacological alterations associated with photoperiod mechanisms leading to optic trigeminal summation are suggested as possible reasons for spring onset of headshaking.
	Address	Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis 95616-8737, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0425-1644	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8536668			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	1940
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	Author	McGreevy, P.D.; French, N.P.; Nicol, C.J.
	Title	The prevalence of abnormal behaviours in dressage, eventing and endurance horses in relation to stabling			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	The Veterinary record	Abbreviated Journal	Vet. Rec.
	Volume	137	Issue	2	Pages	36-37
	Keywords	Animal Husbandry/methods; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Horse Diseases/psychology; Horses; Physical Conditioning, Animal; Prevalence; Questionnaires; *Stereotyped Behavior
	Abstract	The behaviour of horses competing in different disciplines was studied and the relationship between the time they spent out of the stable and the prevalence of abnormal behaviour was examined. The owners of dressage, eventing and endurance horses were sent a questionnaire and a total of 1101 responses were received, giving data on 1750 horses. The behaviours studied were wood-chewing, weaving, crib-biting/wind-sucking and box-walking. The reported percentage prevalences of abnormal behaviour for the dressage, eventing and endurance horses were 32.5, 30.8 and 19.5, respectively. The relationship between the time spent in the stable and the prevalence of abnormal behaviour was examined by chi 2 tests which showed that there were significant linear trends for the eventing group (P < 0.001) and the dressage group (P < 0.05). It is concluded that the time a horse spends out of the stable is related to the discipline for which it is being trained and in dressage and eventing horses the time spent in a stable is correlated with an increased risk of abnormal behaviour.
	Address	University of Bristol, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Langford
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0042-4900	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8525580			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	89
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	Author	McClure, S.R.; Chaffin, M.K.
	Title	Self-mutilative behavior in horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association	Abbreviated Journal	J Am Vet Med Assoc
	Volume	202	Issue	2	Pages	179-180
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Horse Diseases; Horses; Male; *Self Mutilation
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-1488	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8428817			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	1944
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	Author	de Waal, F.B.; Johanowicz, D.L.
	Title	Modification of reconciliation behavior through social experience: an experiment with two macaque species			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Child development	Abbreviated Journal	Child Dev
	Volume	64	Issue	3	Pages	897-908
	Keywords	Aggression; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Female; Grooming; Macaca; Macaca mulatta; Male; Play and Playthings; Socialization; Vocalization, Animal
	Abstract	Reconciliation, defined as a friendly reunion between former opponents shortly after an aggressive encounter, is common in the stumptail macaque (Macaca arctoides) but rare in the rhesus macaque (M. mulatta). Juveniles of the two species were cohoused for 5 months, after which they were observed with conspecifics only. Control rhesus monkeys, matched in age and sex to the experimental subjects, went through the same procedure without exposure to the other species. A threefold increase in the proportion of reconciled fights was measured in the rhesus subjects. The difference emerged gradually during cohousing with the tutor species and was sustained following removal of this species. Other behavior, such as grooming and aggression, decreased over time. It is suggested that the social attitude of the subjects was affected through contact with a species characterized by a more relaxed dominance style.
	Address	Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0009-3920	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8339702			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	209
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	Author	Roper, K.L.; Zentall, T.R.
	Title	Directed forgetting in animals			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Psychological bulletin	Abbreviated Journal	Psychol Bull
	Volume	113	Issue	3	Pages	513-532
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cognition; Columbidae; Conditioning (Psychology); Discrimination Learning; Female; Humans; Male; Memory Disorders/psychology; Reinforcement (Psychology); Task Performance and Analysis
	Abstract	Directed-forgetting research with animals suggests that animals show disrupted test performance only under certain conditions. Important variables are (a) whether during training, the cue to forget (F cue) signals nonreward (i.e., that the trial is over) versus reward (i.e., that reinforcement can be obtained) and (b) given that reinforcement can be obtained on F-cue trials, whether the post-F-cue response pattern is compatible with the baseline memory task. It is proposed that some findings of directed forgetting can be attributed to trained response biases, whereas others may be attributable perhaps to frustration-produced interference. It is suggested that directed forgetting in animals should be studied using procedures similar to those used to study directed forgetting in humans. This can be accomplished by presenting, within a trial, both to-be-remembered and to-be-forgotten material.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0033-2909	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8316612			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	259
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	Author	Dougherty, D.M.; Lewis, P.
	Title	Generalization of a tactile stimulus in horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Anal Behav
	Volume	59	Issue	3	Pages	521-528
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Female; Horses; Male; Reinforcement (Psychology); Touch
	Abstract	Using horses, we investigated the control of operant behavior by a tactile stimulus (the training stimulus) and the generalization of behavior to six other similar test stimuli. In a stall, the experimenters mounted a response panel in the doorway. Located on this panel were a response lever and a grain dispenser. The experimenters secured a tactile-stimulus belt to the horse's back. The stimulus belt was constructed by mounting seven solenoids along a piece of burlap in a manner that allowed each to provide the delivery of a tactile stimulus, a repetitive light tapping, at different locations (spaced 10.0 cm apart) along the horse's back. Two preliminary steps were necessary before generalization testing: training a measurable response (lip pressing) and training on several reinforcement schedules in the presence of a training stimulus (tapping by one of the solenoids). We then gave each horse two generalization test sessions. Results indicated that the horses' behavior was effectively controlled by the training stimulus. Horses made the greatest number of responses to the training stimulus, and the tendency to respond to the other test stimuli diminished as the stimuli became farther away from the training stimulus. These findings are discussed in the context of behavioral principles and their relevance to the training of horses.
	Address	Human Behavioral Pharmacology Laboratory, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston 77030
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0022-5002	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8315368			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3571
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	Author	Owren, M.J.; Dieter, J.A.; Seyfarth, R.M.; Cheney, D.L.
	Title	Vocalizations of rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and Japanese (M. fuscata) macaques cross-fostered between species show evidence of only limited modification			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Developmental psychobiology	Abbreviated Journal	Dev Psychobiol
	Volume	26	Issue	7	Pages	389-406
	Keywords	Animals; Animals, Newborn; Behavior, Animal; Discrimination Learning; Environment; Female; Macaca; Macaca mulatta; Male; Sound Spectrography; *Vocalization, Animal
	Abstract	Two rhesus and two Japanese macaque infants were cross-fostered between species in order to study the effects of auditory experience on vocal development. Both the cross-fostered and normally raised control subjects were observed over the first 2 years of life and their vocalizations were tape-recorded. We classified 8053 calls by ear, placed each call in one of six acoustic categories, and calculated the rates at which different call-types were used in different social contexts. Species differences were found in the use of “coo” and “gruff” vocalizations among control subjects. Japanese macaques invariably produced coos almost exclusively. In contrast, rhesus macaques produced a mixture of coos and gruffs and showed considerable interindividual variation in the relative use of one call type or the other. Cross-fostered Japanese macaques adhered to their species-typical behavior, rarely using gruffs. Cross-fostered rhesus subjects also exhibited species-typical behavior in many contexts, but in some situations produced coos and gruffs at rates that were intermediate between those shown by normally raised animals of the two species. This outcome suggests that environmentally mediated modification of vocal behavior may have occurred, but that the resulting changes were quite limited.
	Address	California Regional Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0012-1630	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8270122			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	700
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