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| Author | Smith, D.G.; Pearson, R.A. | ||||
| Title | A review of the factors affecting the survival of donkeys in semi-arid regions of sub-Saharan Africa | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Tropical Animal Health and Production | Abbreviated Journal | Trop Anim Health Prod |
| Volume | 37 Suppl 1 | Issue  |
Pages | 1-19 | |
| Keywords | Africa South of the Sahara; Animal Nutrition Physiology; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cattle; Equidae/growth & development/*physiology; Socioeconomic Factors | ||||
| Abstract | The large fluctuations seen in cattle populations during periods of drought in sub-Saharan Africa are not evident in the donkey population. Donkeys appear to have a survival advantage over cattle that is increasingly recognized by smallholder farmers in their selection of working animals. The donkey's survival advantages arise from both socioeconomic and biological factors. Socioeconomic factors include the maintenance of a low sustainable population of donkeys owing to their single-purpose role and their low social status. Also, because donkeys are not usually used as a meat animal and can provide a regular income as a working animal, they are not slaughtered in response to drought, as are cattle. Donkeys have a range of physiological and behavioural adaptations that individually provide small survival advantages over cattle but collectively may make a large difference to whether or not they survive drought. Donkeys have lower maintenance costs as a result of their size and spend less energy while foraging for food; lower energy costs result in a lower dry matter intake (DMI) requirement. In donkeys, low-quality diets are digested almost as efficiently as in ruminants and, because of a highly selective feeding strategy, the quality of diet obtained by donkeys in a given pasture is higher than that obtained by cattle. Lower energy costs of walking, longer foraging times per day and ability to tolerate thirst may allow donkeys to access more remote, under-utilized sources of forage that are inaccessible to cattle on rangeland. As donkeys become a more popular choice of working animal for farmers, specific management practices need to be devised that allow donkeys to fully maximize their natural survival advantages. | ||||
| Address | Department of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, Scotland, UK. d.g.smith@abdn.ac.uk | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0049-4747 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:16335068 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4231 | ||
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| Author | Kornblith, H. | ||||
| Title | Knowledge and its Place in Nature | Type | Book Whole | ||
| Year | 2002 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | |||
| Keywords | animals; cognitive ethology; conceptual analysis; epistemology; Hilary Kornblith; knowledge; natural kind; naturalistic epistemology; normativity; philosophy | ||||
| Abstract | Argues that conceptual analysis should be rejected in favour of a more naturalistic approach to epistemology. There is a robust natural phenomenon of knowledge; knowledge is a natural kind. An examination of the cognitive ethology literature reveals a category of knowledge that does both causal and explanatory work. It is argued that knowledge in this very sense is what philosophers have been talking about all along. Rival accounts of knowledge that are more demanding—requiring either that certain social conditions be met or that an agent engage in some sort of reflection—are discussed in detail, and it is argued that they are inadequate to the phenomenon. In addition, it is argued that the account of knowledge that emerges from the cognitive ethology literature can provide an explanation of the normative force of epistemic claims. | ||||
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| Publisher | Oxford University Press | Place of Publication | Oxford | Editor | |
| Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | ISBN | 9780199246311 | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4413 | ||
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| Author | Howard, R.W.; Blomquist, G.J. | ||||
| Title | Ecological, behavioral, and biochemical aspects of insect hydrocarbons | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Annual Review of Entomology | Abbreviated Journal | Annu Rev Entomol |
| Volume | 50 | Issue |
Pages | 371-393 | |
| Keywords | Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Hydrocarbons/*metabolism; Insects/*physiology; Pheromones/*physiology; Reproduction; Species Specificity | ||||
| Abstract | This review covers selected literature from 1982 to the present on some of the ecological, behavioral, and biochemical aspects of hydrocarbon use by insects and other arthropods. Major ecological and behavioral topics are species- and gender-recognition, nestmate recognition, task-specific cues, dominance and fertility cues, chemical mimicry, and primer pheromones. Major biochemical topics include chain length regulation, mechanism of hydrocarbon formation, timing of hydrocarbon synthesis and transport, and biosynthesis of volatile hydrocarbon pheromones of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. In addition, a section is devoted to future research needs in this rapidly growing area of science. | ||||
| Address | USDA-ARS, Manhattan, Kansas 66502, USA. howardks@ksu.edu | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0066-4170 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:15355247 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4650 | ||
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| Author | Rands, S.A.; Cowlishaw, G.; Pettifor, R.A.; Rowcliffe, J.M.; Johnstone, R.A. | ||||
| Title | The emergence of leaders and followers in foraging pairs when the qualities of individuals differ | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | BMC Evolutionary Biology | Abbreviated Journal | BMC Evol Biol |
| Volume | 8 | Issue |
Pages | 51 | |
| Keywords | Animals; *Feeding Behavior; *Food Chain; *Models, Biological; *Social Dominance | ||||
| Abstract | BACKGROUND: Foraging in groups offers animals a number of advantages, such as increasing their likelihood of finding food or detecting and avoiding predators. In order for a group to remain together, there has to be some degree of coordination of behaviour and movement between its members (which may in some cases be initiated by a decision-making leader, and in other cases may emerge as an underlying property of the group). For example, behavioural synchronisation is a phenomenon where animals within a group initiate and then continue to conduct identical behaviours, and has been characterised for a wide range of species. We examine how a pair of animals should behave using a state-dependent approach, and ask what conditions are likely to lead to behavioural synchronisation occurring, and whether one of the individuals is more likely to act as a leader. RESULTS: The model we describe considers how the energetic gain, metabolic requirements and predation risks faced by the individuals affect measures of their energetic state and behaviour (such as the degree of behavioural synchronisation seen within the pair, and the value to an individual of knowing the energetic state of its colleague). We explore how predictable changes in these measures are in response to changes in physiological requirements and predation risk. We also consider how these measures should change when the members of the pair are not identical in their metabolic requirements or their susceptibility to predation. We find that many of the changes seen in these measures are complex, especially when asymmetries exist between the members of the pair. CONCLUSION: Analyses are presented that demonstrate that, although these general patterns are robust, care needs to be taken when considering the effects of individual differences, as the relationship between individual differences and the resulting qualitative changes in behaviour may be complex. We discuss how these results are related to experimental observations, and how the model and its predictions could be extended. | ||||
| Address | Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. sean.rands@bristol.ac.uk | ||||
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| Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1471-2148 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:18282297 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5126 | ||
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| Author | Crowell-Davis, S.L.; Houpt, K.A. | ||||
| Title | Coprophagy by foals: effect of age and possible functions | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1985 | Publication | Equine veterinary journal | Abbreviated Journal | Equine Vet J |
| Volume | 17 | Issue |
1 | Pages | 17-19 |
| Keywords | *Aging; Animals; *Coprophagia; Deoxycholic Acid/physiology; Female; Horse Diseases/*physiopathology; Horses; Humans; Male; Pheromones/physiology; Time Factors; Urination | ||||
| Abstract | In colts and fillies observed from birth to 24 weeks old, coprophagy occurred from Weeks 1 to 19. Its frequency was greatest during the first two months. Coprophagy was rarely observed in mares and stallions. Foals usually ate the faeces of their mother but were observed to eat their own and those of a stallion and another unrelated mare. Urination by the foal occurred before, during or after 26 per cent of the coprophagy incidents. It is hypothesised that foals may consume faeces in response to a maternal pheromone which signals the presence of deoxycholic acid or other acids which the foal may be deficient in and which it may require for gut immuno-competence myelination of the nervous system. Such a pheromone may also serve to accelerate growth and sexual maturation. Coprophagy may also provide nutrients and introduce normal bacterial flora to the gut. | ||||
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| Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0425-1644 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:4038939 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 55 | ||
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| Author | Sufit, E.; Houpt, K.A.; Sweeting, M. | ||||
| Title | Physiological stimuli of thirst and drinking patterns in ponies | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1985 | Publication | Equine veterinary journal | Abbreviated Journal | Equine Vet J |
| Volume | 17 | Issue |
1 | Pages | 12-16 |
| Keywords | Animals; Blood Proteins/analysis; Drinking Behavior/drug effects/*physiology; Furosemide/pharmacology; Horses/*physiology; Male; Osmolar Concentration; Osmotic Pressure; Sodium Chloride/pharmacology; Thirst/drug effects/*physiology; Time Factors; Water Deprivation/physiology | ||||
| Abstract | The stimuli that elicit thirst were studied in four ponies. Nineteen hours of water deprivation produced an increase in plasma protein from 67 +/- 0.1 g/litre to 72 +/- 2 g/litre, a mean (+/- se) increase in plasma sodium from 139 +/- 3 to 145 +/- 2 mmol/litre and an increase in plasma osmolality from 297 +/- 1 to 306 +/- 2 mosmol/litre. Undeprived ponies drank 1.5 +/- 0.9 kg/30 mins; 19 h deprived ponies drank 10.2 +/- 2.5 kg/30 mins and corrected the deficits in plasma protein, plasma sodium and plasma osmolality as well as compensating for the water they would have drunk during the deprivation period. In order to determine if an increase in plasma osmolality would stimulate thirst, 250 ml of 15 per cent sodium chloride was infused intravenously. The ponies drank when osmolality increased 3 per cent and when plasma sodium rose from 136 +/- 3 mmol/litre to 143 +/- 3 mmol/litre. Ponies infused with 15 per cent sodium chloride drank 2.9 +/- 0.7 kg; those infused with 0.9 per cent sodium chloride drank 0.7 +/- 0.5 kg. In order to determine if a decrease in plasma volume would stimulate thirst, ponies were injected with 1 or 2 mg/kg bodyweight (bwt) frusemide. Plasma protein rose from 68 +/- 2 g/litre pre-injection to 75 +/- 2 g/litre 1 h after 1 mg/kg bwt frusemide and to 81 +/- 1 g/litre 1 h after 2 mg/kg bwt frusemide.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) | ||||
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| Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0425-1644 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:3979367 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 56 | ||
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| Author | Hodgson, D.; Howe, S.; Jeffcott, L.; Reid, S.; Mellor, D.; Higgins, A. | ||||
| Title | Effect of prolonged use of altrenogest on behaviour in mares | Type | |||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997) | Abbreviated Journal | Vet J |
| Volume | 169 | Issue |
1 | Pages | 113-115 |
| Keywords | Administration, Oral; Anabolic Agents/adverse effects/*pharmacology; Animals; Behavior, Animal/*drug effects; Body Constitution/drug effects; Body Weight/drug effects; *Doping in Sports; Female; Horses/*physiology; Social Behavior; Social Dominance; Time Factors; Trenbolone/adverse effects/*analogs & derivatives/*pharmacology | ||||
| Abstract | Erratum in: Vet J. 2005 May;169(3):321. Corrected and republished in: Vet J. 2005 May;169(3):322-5. Oral administration of altrenogest for oestrus suppression in competition horses is believed to be widespread in some equestrian disciplines, and can be administered continuously for several months during a competition season. To examine whether altrenogest has any anabolic or other potential performance enhancing properties that may give a horse an unfair advantage, we examined the effect of oral altrenogest (0.044 mg/kg), given daily for a period of eight weeks, on social hierarchy, activity budget, body-mass and body condition score of 12 sedentary mares. We concluded that prolonged oral administration of altrenogest at recommended dose rates to sedentary mares resulted in no effect on dominance hierarchies, body mass or condition score. |
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| Address | Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Private Mailbag 4, Narellan Delivery Centre, Narellan, NSW 2567, Australia. davidh@camden.usyd.edu.au | ||||
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| Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1090-0233 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:15683772 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 671 | ||
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| Author | Houpt, K.A.; Wolski, T.R. | ||||
| Title | Stability of equine hierarchies and the prevention of dominance related aggression | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1980 | Publication | Equine veterinary journal | Abbreviated Journal | Equine Vet J |
| Volume | 12 | Issue |
1 | Pages | 15-18 |
| Keywords | *Aggression; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Feeding Behavior; Female; *Hierarchy, Social; *Horses; Humans; Male; Maternal Behavior; *Social Dominance | ||||
| Abstract | The dominance hierarchy of a herd of 10 Thoroughbred mares was determined twice, at an interval of 18 months, using paired feeding tests. Each mare's rank was correlated significantly between the 2 tests. This indicated that the hierarchy within the herd was stable. The offspring of dominant and subordinate mares were also tested for dominance in their own age groups. The offspring of dominant mares tended to be near the top of the hierarchy while those of middle and low ranking mares were not consistently found in the middle or bottom of their own hierarchies. Paired feeding tests were carried out on 8 ponies. During tests the time that each pony spent eating and the ponies' aggressive interactions were recorded. Two situations were used. Each pony-pair was tested when both ponies were in the same paddock and also when they were separated by a rail fence. The subordinate ponies spent significantly more time eating and the domonant pony was significantly less aggressive, when the pony-pair was separated by a fence than when they were in one paddock. It was concluded that the dominance hierarchies of adult horse groups changed very little over time and that the foals of dominant mares will tend to be dominant in their own age groups. Management practices can be used to reduce aggression and consequent injury that may arise in group feeding situations. | ||||
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| Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0425-1644 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:7189148 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 59 | ||
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| Author | Houpt, K.A. | ||||
| Title | Animal behavior as a subject for veterinary students | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1976 | Publication | The Cornell veterinarian | Abbreviated Journal | Cornell Vet |
| Volume | 66 | Issue |
1 | Pages | 73-81 |
| Keywords | Aggression; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Cats; Chickens; Dogs; Education, Veterinary; Goats; Horses; Humans; Maternal Behavior; Mice; New York; Sexual Behavior, Animal; Sheep; Sleep; Social Behavior; Social Dominance; Swine | ||||
| Abstract | Knowledge of animal behavior is an important asset for the veterinarian; therefore a course in veterinary animal behavior is offered at the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine as an elective. The course emphasizes the behavior of those species of most interest to the practicing veterinarian: cats, dogs, horses, cows, pigs and sheep. Dominance heirarchies, animal communication, aggressive behavior, sexual behavior and maternal behavior are discussed. Play, learning, diurnal cycles of activity and sleep, and controls of ingestive behavior are also considered. Exotic and zoo animal behaviors are also presented by experts in these fields. The critical periods of canine development are related to the optimum management of puppies. The behavior of feral dogs and horses is described. The role of the veterinarian in preventing cruelty to animals and recognition of pain in animals is emphasized. Whenever possible behavior is observed in the laboratory or on film. | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0010-8901 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:767053 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 61 | ||
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| Author | Dixon, G.; Green, L.E.; Nicol, C.J. | ||||
| Title | Effect of diet change on the behavior of chicks of an egg-laying strain | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Journal of applied animal welfare science : JAAWS | Abbreviated Journal | J Appl Anim Welf Sci |
| Volume | 9 | Issue |
1 | Pages | 41-58 |
| Keywords | *Animal Feed; *Animal Nutrition Physiology; Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Chickens/*physiology; Crowding; Feeding Behavior/*physiology; Female; Food Preferences/physiology; Oviposition; Random Allocation; Taste | ||||
| Abstract | Injurious pecking has serious welfare consequences in flocks of hens kept for egg laying, especially when loose-housed. Frequent diet change is a significant risk for injurious pecking; how the mechanics of diet change influence pecking behavior is unknown. This study investigated the effect of diet change on the behavior of chicks from a laying strain. The study included a 3-week familiarity phase: 18 chick pairs received unflavored feed (Experiment 1); 18 pairs received orange oil-flavored (Experiment 2). All chicks participated in a dietary preference test (P); a diet change (DC); or a control group (C), 6 scenarios. All P chicks preferred unflavored feed. In Experiment 1, DC involved change from unflavored to orange-flavored; Experiment 2, orange- flavored to unflavored. Compared with controls, Experiment 2 DC chicks exhibited few behavioral differences; Experiment 1 DC chicks exhibited increased behavioral event rates on Days 1 and 7. They pecked significantly longer at their environment; by Day 7, they showed significantly more beak activity. There was little evidence of dietary neophobia. Change from more preferred to less preferred feed led to increased activity and redirected pecking behavior. | ||||
| Address | School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, England | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1088-8705 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:16649950 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 64 | ||
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