| Home | << 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 >> [11–20] |
|
| Records | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Author | Izar, P.; Ferreira, R.G.; Sato, T. | ||||
| Title | Describing the organization of dominance relationships by dominance-directed tree method | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | American journal of primatology | Abbreviated Journal | Am. J. Primatol. |
| Volume | 68 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 189-207 |
| Keywords | Animals; Cebus/physiology; *Models, Biological; *Social Dominance | ||||
| Abstract | Methods to describe dominance hierarchies are a key tool in primatology studies. Most current methods are appropriate for analyzing linear and near-linear hierarchies; however, more complex structures are common in primate groups. We propose a method termed “dominance-directed tree.” This method is based on graph theory and set theory to analyze dominance relationships in social groups. The method constructs a transitive matrix by imposing transitivity to the dominance matrix and produces a graphical representation of the dominance relationships, which allows an easy visualization of the hierarchical position of the individuals, or subsets of individuals. The method is also able to detect partial and complete hierarchies, and to describe situations in which hierarchical and nonhierarchical principles operate. To illustrate the method, we apply a dominance tree analysis to artificial data and empirical data from a group of Cebus apella. | ||||
| Address | Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil. patrizar@usp.br | ||||
| Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
| Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0275-2565 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area  |
Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:16429416 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 723 | ||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | Whiten, A.; Horner, V.; Litchfield, C.A.; Marshall-Pescini, S. | ||||
| Title | How do apes ape? | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Learning & Behavior | Abbreviated Journal | Learn. Behav. |
| Volume | 32 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 36-52 |
| Keywords | Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Hominidae/*psychology; *Imitative Behavior; Imprinting (Psychology); *Learning; Psychological Theory; *Social Environment; *Social Facilitation | ||||
| Abstract | In the wake of telling critiques of the foundations on which earlier conclusions were based, the last 15 years have witnessed a renaissance in the study of social learning in apes. As a result, we are able to review 31 experimental studies from this period in which social learning in chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans has been investigated. The principal question framed at the beginning of this era, Do apes ape? has been answered in the affirmative, at least in certain conditions. The more interesting question now is, thus, How do apes ape? Answering this question has engendered richer taxonomies of the range of social-learning processes at work and new methodologies to uncover them. Together, these studies suggest that apes ape by employing a portfolio of alternative social-learning processes in flexibly adaptive ways, in conjunction with nonsocial learning. We conclude by sketching the kind of decision tree that appears to underlie the deployment of these alternatives. | ||||
| Address | Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution, Scottish Primate Research Group, School of Psychology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland. a.whiten@st-and.ac.uk | ||||
| Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
| Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1543-4494 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area |
Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:15161139 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 734 | ||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | Caldwell, C.A.; Whiten, A. | ||||
| Title | Testing for social learning and imitation in common marmosets, Callithrix jacchus, using an artificial fruit | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Animal cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume | 7 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 77-85 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Association Learning; Callithrix/*psychology; Discrimination Learning; *Feeding Behavior; Female; Food Preferences; Fruit; *Imitative Behavior; Male; *Social Behavior; Social Environment | ||||
| Abstract | We tested for social learning and imitation in common marmosets using an artificial foraging task and trained conspecific demonstrators. We trained a demonstrator marmoset to open an artificial fruit, providing a full demonstration of the task to be learned. Another marmoset provided a partial demonstration, controlling for stimulus enhancement effects, by eating food from the outside of the apparatus. We thus compared three observer groups, each consisting of four animals: those that received the full demonstration, those that received the partial demonstration, and a control group that saw no demonstration prior to testing. Although none of the observer marmosets succeeded in opening the artificial fruit during the test periods, there were clear effects of demonstration type. Those that saw the full demonstration manipulated the apparatus more overall, whereas those from the control group manipulated it the least of the three groups. Those from the full-demonstration group also contacted the particular parts of the artificial fruit that they had seen touched (localised stimulus enhancement) to a greater extent than the other two groups. There was also an interaction between the number of hand and mouth touches made to the artificial fruit for the full- and partial-demonstration groups. Whether or not these data represent evidence for imitation is discussed. We also propose that the clear differences between the groups suggest that social learning mechanisms provide real benefits to these animals in terms of developing novel food-processing skills analogous to the one presented here. | ||||
| Address | Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution and Scottish Primate Research Group, University of St Andrews, KY16 9JU, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland. C.A.Caldwell@exeter.ac.uk | ||||
| Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
| Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1435-9448 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area |
Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:15069606 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 735 | ||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | Horowitz, A.C. | ||||
| Title | Do humans ape? Or do apes human? Imitation and intention in humans (Homo sapiens) and other animals | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | Journal of comparative psychology | Abbreviated Journal | J Comp Psychol |
| Volume | 117 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 325-336 |
| Keywords | Adolescent; Adult; Animals; *Appetitive Behavior; Attention; Child, Preschool; Concept Formation; Female; Humans; *Imitative Behavior; Male; Motivation; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; *Problem Solving; *Psychomotor Performance; Reaction Time; Species Specificity | ||||
| Abstract | A. Whiten, D. M. Custance, J.-C. Gomez, P. Teixidor, and K. A. Bard (1996) tested chimpanzees' (Pan troglodytes) and human children's (Homo sapiens) skills at imitation with a 2-action test on an “artificial fruit.” Chimpanzees imitated to a restricted degree; children were more thoroughly imitative. Such results prompted some to assert that the difference in imitation indicates a difference in the subjects' understanding of the intentions of the demonstrator (M. Tomasello, 1996). In this experiment, 37 adult human subjects were tested with the artificial fruit. Far from being perfect imitators, the adults were less imitative than the children. These results cast doubt on the inference from imitative performance to an ability to understand others' intentions. The results also demonstrate how any test of imitation requires a control group and attention to the level of behavioral analysis. | ||||
| Address | Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA. ahorowitz@crl.ucsd.edu | ||||
| Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
| Publisher | Place of Publication | Washington, D.C. : 1983 | Editor | ||
| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0735-7036 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area |
Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:14498809 | Approved | yes | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 736 | ||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | Whiten, A.; Custance, D.M.; Gomez, J.C.; Teixidor, P.; Bard, K.A. | ||||
| Title | Imitative learning of artificial fruit processing in children (Homo sapiens) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983) | Abbreviated Journal | J Comp Psychol |
| Volume | 110 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 3-14 |
| Keywords | Animals; Child, Preschool; Discrimination Learning; Female; Food Preferences/*psychology; *Fruit; Humans; *Imitative Behavior; Male; Mental Recall; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; Social Environment | ||||
| Abstract | Observational learning in chimpanzees and young children was investigated using an artificial fruit designed as an analog of natural foraging problems faced by primates. Each of 3 principal components could be removed in 2 alternative ways, demonstration of only one of which was watched by each subject. This permitted subsequent imitation by subjects to be distinguished from stimulus enhancement. Children aged 2-4 years evidenced imitation for 2 components, but also achieved demonstrated outcomes through their own techniques. Chimpanzees relied even more on their own techniques, but they did imitate elements of 1 component of the task. To our knowledge, this is the first experimental evidence of chimpanzee imitation in a functional task designed to simulate foraging behavior hypothesized to be transmitted culturally in the wild. | ||||
| Address | Scottish Primate Research Group, University of St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland. aw2@st-andrews.ac.uk | ||||
| Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
| Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0735-7036 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area |
Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:8851548 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 744 | ||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | Devenport, J.A.; Patterson, M.R.; Devenport, L.D. | ||||
| Title | Dynamic averaging and foraging decisions in horses (Equus callabus) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Journal of Comparative psychology | Abbreviated Journal | J. Comp. Psychol. |
| Volume | 119 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 352-358 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Decision Making; *Feeding Behavior; Female; Horses/*psychology; Male; *Memory, Short-Term; Motivation; Orientation; *Social Environment | ||||
| Abstract | The variability of most environments taxes foraging decisions by increasing the uncertainty of the information available. One solution to the problem is to use dynamic averaging, as do some granivores and carnivores. Arguably, the same strategy could be useful for grazing herbivores, even though their food renews and is more homogeneously distributed. Horses (Equus callabus) were given choices between variable patches after short or long delays. When patch information was current, horses returned to the patch that was recently best, whereas those without current information matched choices to the long-term average values of the patches. These results demonstrate that a grazing species uses dynamic averaging and indicate that, like granivores and carnivores, they can use temporal weighting to optimize foraging decisions. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, University of Central Oklahoma, 73034, USA. jdevenport@ucok.edu | ||||
| Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
| Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0735-7036 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area |
Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:16131264 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 752 | ||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | Hamilton, W.D. | ||||
| Title | Geometry for the selfish herd | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1971 | Publication | Journal of theoretical biology | Abbreviated Journal | J. Theor. Biol. |
| Volume | 31 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 295-311 |
| Keywords | Animals; Anura; *Behavior, Animal; Breeding; Communication; Evolution; Fear; Metallurgy; *Models, Biological; Probability; Snakes; *Spatial Behavior | ||||
| Abstract | This paper presents an antithesis to the view that gregarious behaviour is evolved through benefits to the population or species. Following Galton (1871) and Williams (1964) gregarious behaviour is considered as a form of cover-seeking in which each animal tries to reduce its chance of being caught by a predator. It is easy to see how pruning of marginal individuals can maintain centripetal instincts in already gregarious species; some evidence that marginal pruning actually occurs is summarized. Besides this, simply defined models are used to show that even in non-gregarious species selection is likely to favour individuals who stay close to others. Although not universal or unipotent, cover-seeking is a widespread and important element in animal aggregation, as the literature shows. Neglect of the idea has probably followed from a general disbelief that evolution can be dysgenic for a species. Nevertheless, selection theory provides no support for such disbelief in the case of species with outbreeding or unsubdivided populations. The model for two dimensions involves a complex problem in geometrical probability which has relevance also in metallurgy and communication science. Some empirical data on this, gathered from random number plots, is presented as of possible heuristic value. |
||||
| Address | |||||
| Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
| Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0022-5193 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area |
Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:5104951 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 771 | ||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | Jansen, T.; Forster, P.; Levine, M.A.; Oelke, H.; Hurles, M.; Renfrew, C.; Weber, J.; Olek, K. | ||||
| Title | Mitochondrial DNA and the origins of the domestic horse | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2002 | Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
| Volume | 99 | Issue | 16 | Pages | 10905-10910 |
| Keywords | Animals; Animals, Domestic/classification/*genetics; Base Sequence; DNA, Complementary; *DNA, Mitochondrial; *Evolution, Molecular; Horses/classification/*genetics; Molecular Sequence Data; Phylogeny | ||||
| Abstract | The place and date of the domestication of the horse has long been a matter for debate among archaeologists. To determine whether horses were domesticated from one or several ancestral horse populations, we sequenced the mitochondrial D-loop for 318 horses from 25 oriental and European breeds, including American mustangs. Adding these sequences to previously published data, the total comes to 652, the largest currently available database. From these sequences, a phylogenetic network was constructed that showed that most of the 93 different mitochondrial (mt)DNA types grouped into 17 distinct phylogenetic clusters. Several of the clusters correspond to breeds and/or geographic areas, notably cluster A2, which is specific to Przewalski's horses, cluster C1, which is distinctive for northern European ponies, and cluster D1, which is well represented in Iberian and northwest African breeds. A consideration of the horse mtDNA mutation rate together with the archaeological timeframe for domestication requires at least 77 successfully breeding mares recruited from the wild. The extensive genetic diversity of these 77 ancestral mares leads us to conclude that several distinct horse populations were involved in the domestication of the horse. | ||||
| Address | Biopsytec Analytik GmbH, Marie-Curie-Strasse 1, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany. jansen@biopsytec.com | ||||
| Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
| Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0027-8424 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area |
Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:12130666 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 772 | ||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | Hirsch, B.T. | ||||
| Title | Costs and benefits of within-group spatial position: a feeding competition model | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | The Quarterly review of biology | Abbreviated Journal | Q Rev Biol |
| Volume | 82 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 9-27 |
| Keywords | Animals; Competitive Behavior/*physiology; Dominance-Subordination; Feeding Behavior/*physiology/*psychology; Population Dynamics; Predatory Behavior/*physiology | ||||
| Abstract | An animal's within-group spatial position has several important fitness consequences. Risk of predation, time spent engaging in antipredatory behavior and feeding competition can all vary with respect to spatial position. Previous research has found evidence that feeding rates are higher at the group edge in many species, but these studies have not represented the entire breadth of dietary diversity and ecological situations faced by many animals. In particular the presence of concentrated, defendable food patches can lead to increased feeding rates by dominants in the center of the group that are able to monopolize or defend these areas. To fully understand the tradeoffs of within-group spatial position in relation to a variety of factors, it is important to be able to predict where individuals should preferably position themselves in relation to feeding rates and food competition. A qualitative model is presented here to predict how food depletion time, abundance of food patches within a group, and the presence of prior knowledge of feeding sites affect the payoffs of different within-group spatial positions for dominant and subordinate animals. In general, when feeding on small abundant food items, individuals at the front edge of the group should have higher foraging success. When feeding on slowly depleted, rare food items, dominants will often have the highest feeding rates in the center of the group. Between these two extreme points of a continuum, an individual's optimal spatial position is predicted to be influenced by an additional combination of factors, such as group size, group spread, satiation rates, and the presence of producer-scrounger tactics. | ||||
| Address | Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA. BTHIRSCH@IC.SUNYSB.EDU | ||||
| Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
| Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0033-5770 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area |
Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:17354992 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 803 | ||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | Li, F.-H.; Zhong, W.-Q.; Wang, Z.; Wang, D.-H. | ||||
| Title | Rank in a food competition test and humoral immune functions in male Brandt's voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Physiology & behavior | Abbreviated Journal | Physiol. Behav. |
| Volume | 90 | Issue | 2-3 | Pages | 490-495 |
| Keywords | Animals; Antibody Formation/*physiology; Arvicolinae/immunology/*physiology; Competitive Behavior/*physiology; *Dominance-Subordination; Feeding Behavior/physiology; Hydrocortisone/blood; Male; *Social Dominance; Spleen/immunology/physiology | ||||
| Abstract | Social status can influence an animal's immune and reproductive functions, eventually leading to alterations in immunocompetence and reproductive success. Here, we report that rank assessed in a food competition test, considered as an index of social status, has significant influences on humoral immune functions in male Brandt's voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii) living in a group. Our data reveal a negative correlation of the spleen mass and serum antibody levels with social status, as well as a positive correlation of serum cortisol levels with social status. Males winning in food competition had a smaller spleen, a lower level of serum antibodies, and a higher level of serum cortisol than did their conspecific counterparts. These data indicate interactions between social status and humoral immune functions and might illustrate a trade-off between infection risks and reproductive success in male Brandt's voles. | ||||
| Address | State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 25 Beisihuan Xilu, Zhongguancun, Haidian, Beijing 100080, China | ||||
| Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
| Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0031-9384 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area |
Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:17141282 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 804 | ||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||