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Author Helton, W.S. doi  openurl
  Title Animal expertise, conscious or not Type Journal Article
  Year 2005 Publication Animal Cognition Abbreviated Journal Anim. Cogn.  
  Volume 8 Issue 2 Pages 67-74  
  Keywords Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; *Consciousness; *Learning; Motor Skills; *Practice (Psychology)  
  Abstract Rossano (Cognition 89:207, 2003) proposes expertise as an indicator of consciousness in humans and other animals. Since there is strong evidence that the development of expertise requires deliberate practice (Ericsson in The road to excellence: the acquisition of expert performance in the arts and sciences, sports and games 1996), and deliberate practice appears to be outside of the bounds of unconscious processing, then any signs of expertise development in an animal are indicators of consciousness. Rossano's argument may lead to an unsolvable debate about animal consciousness while causing researchers to overlook the underlying reality of animal expertise. This article provides evidence indicative of animals meeting each of the three definitions of expertise established in the scientific literature: expertise as a social construction, expertise as exceptional performance, and expertise as knowledge. In addition, cases of deliberate practice by non-human animals are offered. Acknowledging some animals as experts, regardless of consciousness, is warranted by the research findings and would prove useful in solving many issues remaining in the human expertise literature.  
  Address Department of Psychology, Wilmington College, Wilmington, OH 45177, USA, deak_helton@yahoo.com  
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  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1435-9448 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:15365876 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2511  
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Author Jackson, R.R.; Pollard, S.D.; Cerveira, A.M. doi  openurl
  Title Opportunistic use of cognitive smokescreens by araneophagic jumping spiders Type Journal Article
  Year 2002 Publication Animal Cognition Abbreviated Journal Anim. Cogn.  
  Volume 5 Issue 3 Pages 147-157  
  Keywords Animals; *Cognition; Movement; Optics; *Predatory Behavior; *Spiders; Touch; Visual Perception  
  Abstract Little is known about how a prey species' cognitive limitations might shape a predator's prey-capture strategy. A specific hypothesis is investigated: predators take advantage of times when the prey's attention is focussed on its own prey. Portia fimbriata, an araneophagic jumping spider (Salticidae) from Queensland, is shown in a series of 11 experiments to exploit opportunistically a situation in which a web-building spider on which it preys, Zosis genicularis (Uloboridae), is preoccupied with wrapping up its own prey. Experimental evidence supports three conclusions: (1). while relying on optical cues alone, P. fimbriata perceives when Z. genicularis is wrapping up prey; (2). when busy wrapping up prey, the responsiveness of Z. genicularis to cues from potential predators is diminished; and (3). P. fimbriata moves primarily during intervals when Z. genicularis is busy wrapping up prey. P. fimbriata's strategy is effective partly because the wrapping behaviour of Z. genicularis masks the web signals generated by the advancing P. fimbriata's footsteps and also because, while wrapping, Z. genicularis' attention is diverted away from predator-revealing cues.  
  Address Department of Zoology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1435-9448 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:12357287 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2598  
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Author Katz, J.S.; Wright, A.A. doi  openurl
  Title Same/different abstract-concept learning by pigeons Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes Abbreviated Journal J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process  
  Volume 32 Issue 1 Pages 80-86  
  Keywords Animals; Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; Columbidae; *Concept Formation; Conditioning (Psychology); *Learning  
  Abstract Eight pigeons were trained and tested in a simultaneous same/different task. After pecking an upper picture, they pecked a lower picture to indicate same or a white rectangle to indicate different. Increases in the training set size from 8 to 1,024 items produced improved transfer from 51.3% to 84.6%. This is the first evidence that pigeons can perform a two-item same/different task as accurately with novel items as training items and both above 80% correct. Fixed-set control groups ruled out training time or transfer testing as producing the high level of abstract-concept learning. Comparisons with similar experiments with rhesus and capuchin monkeys showed that the ability to learn the same/different abstract concept was similar but that pigeons require more training exemplars.  
  Address Department of Psychology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA. katzjef@auburn.edu  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0097-7403 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:16435967 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2764  
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Author Kirkwood, J.K. openurl 
  Title Animal minds and animal welfare Type Journal Article
  Year 2000 Publication The Veterinary Record Abbreviated Journal Vet. Rec.  
  Volume 146 Issue 11 Pages 327  
  Keywords *Animal Welfare; Animals; Animals, Domestic/*psychology; *Cognition; Consciousness; Veterinary Medicine/standards  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0042-4900 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:10766123 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2856  
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Author Klein, E.D.; Bhatt, R.S.; Zentall, T.R. openurl 
  Title Contrast and the justification of effort Type Journal Article
  Year 2005 Publication Psychonomic bulletin & review Abbreviated Journal Psychon Bull Rev  
  Volume 12 Issue 2 Pages 335-339  
  Keywords Awareness; *Cognition; *Discrimination (Psychology); Female; Humans; Male; Questionnaires; *Visual Perception  
  Abstract When humans are asked to evaluate rewards or outcomes that follow unpleasant (e.g., high-effort) events, they often assign higher value to that reward. This phenomenon has been referred to as cognitive dissonance or justification of effort. There is now evidence that a similar phenomenon can be found in nonhuman animals. When demonstrated in animals, however, it has been attributed to contrast between the unpleasant high effort and the conditioned stimulus for food. In the present experiment, we asked whether an analogous effect could be found in humans under conditions similar to those found in animals. Adult humans were trained to discriminate between shapes that followed a high-effort versus a low-effort response. In test, participants were found to prefer shapes that followed the high-effort response in training. These results suggest the possibility that contrast effects of the sort extensively studied in animals may play a role in cognitive dissonance and other related phenomena in humans.  
  Address University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1069-9384 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:16082815 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 223  
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Author Liebal, K.; Pika, S.; Tomasello, M. doi  openurl
  Title Social communication in siamangs (Symphalangus syndactylus): use of gestures and facial expressions Type Journal Article
  Year 2004 Publication Primates Abbreviated Journal Primates  
  Volume 45 Issue 1 Pages 41-57  
  Keywords Age Factors; *Animal Communication; Animals; Animals, Zoo/*physiology; *Cognition; Female; Hylobates/*physiology; *Kinesics; Male; Sex Factors; *Social Behavior; Video Recording  
  Abstract The current study represents the first systematic investigation of the social communication of captive siamangs (Symphalangus syndactylus). The focus was on intentional signals, including tactile and visual gestures, as well as facial expressions and actions. Fourteen individuals from different groups were observed and the signals used by individuals were recorded. Thirty-one different signals, consisting of 12 tactile gestures, 8 visual gestures, 7 actions, and 4 facial expressions, were observed, with tactile gestures and facial expressions appearing most frequently. The range of the signal repertoire increased steadily until the age of six, but declined afterwards in adults. The proportions of the different signal categories used within communicative interactions, in particular actions and facial expressions, also varied depending on age. Group differences could be traced back mainly to social factors or housing conditions. Differences in the repertoire of males and females were most obvious in the sexual context. Overall, most signals were used flexibly, with the majority performed in three or more social contexts and almost one-third of signals used in combination with other signals. Siamangs also adjusted their signals appropriately for the recipient, for example, using visual signals most often when the recipient was already attending (audience effects). These observations are discussed in the context of siamang ecology, social structure, and cognition.  
  Address Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. liebal@eva.mpg.de  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0032-8332 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:14655035 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2812  
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Author Marchal, P.; Anderson, J.R. openurl 
  Title Mirror-image responses in capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus): social responses and use of reflected environmental information Type Journal Article
  Year 1993 Publication Folia Primatologica; International Journal of Primatology Abbreviated Journal Folia Primatol (Basel)  
  Volume 61 Issue 3 Pages 165-173  
  Keywords Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Cebus/*psychology; *Cognition; Female; Male; Self Concept; Sex Factors; *Social Behavior  
  Abstract  
  Address Laboratoire de Psychophysiologie (CNRS URA 1295), Universite Louis-Pasteur, Strasbourg, France  
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  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0015-5713 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:8206423 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4180  
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Author Matsuzawa, T. doi  openurl
  Title The Ai project: historical and ecological contexts Type Journal Article
  Year 2003 Publication Animal Cognition Abbreviated Journal Anim. Cogn.  
  Volume 6 Issue 4 Pages 199-211  
  Keywords Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; *Culture; Discrimination Learning; Ecology; Female; History, 20th Century; Imitative Behavior; *Learning; Male; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; Research/history  
  Abstract This paper aims to review a long-term research project exploring the chimpanzee mind within historical and ecological contexts. The Ai project began in 1978 and was directly inspired by preceding ape-language studies conducted in Western countries. However, in contrast with the latter, it has focused on the perceptual and cognitive capabilities of chimpanzees rather than communicative skills between humans and chimpanzees. In the original setting, a single chimpanzee faced a computer-controlled apparatus and performed various kinds of matching-to-sample discrimination tasks. Questions regarding the chimpanzee mind can be traced back to Wolfgang Koehler's work in the early part of the 20th century. Yet, Japan has its unique natural and cultural background: it is home to an indigenous primate species, the Japanese snow monkey. This fact has contributed to the emergence of two previous projects in the wild led by the late Kinji Imanishi and his students. First, the Koshima monkey project began in 1948 and became famous for its discovery of the cultural propagation of sweet-potato washing behavior. Second, pioneering work in Africa, starting in 1958, aimed to study great apes in their natural habitat. Thanks to the influence of these intellectual ancestors, the present author also undertook the field study of chimpanzees in the wild, focusing on tool manufacture and use. This work has demonstrated the importance of social and ecological perspectives even for the study of the mind. Combining experimental approaches with a field setting, the Ai project continues to explore cognition and behavior in chimpanzees, while its focus has shifted from the study of a single subject toward that of the community as a whole.  
  Address Section of Language and Intelligence, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Japan. matsuzaw@pri.kyoto-u.ac.jp  
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  ISSN 1435-9448 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:14566577 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2552  
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Author Mitchell, D.; Kirschbaum, E.H.; Perry, R.L. openurl 
  Title Effects of neophobia and habituation on the poison-induced avoidance of exteroceptive stimuli in the rat Type Journal Article
  Year 1975 Publication Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes Abbreviated Journal J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process  
  Volume 1 Issue 1 Pages 47-55  
  Keywords Animals; Avoidance Learning/*drug effects; *Awareness; *Cognition; Conditioning, Operant; Feeding Behavior/drug effects; *Habituation, Psychophysiologic; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Lithium/administration & dosage/poisoning; Male; Rats; *Taste; Time Factors; *Visual Perception  
  Abstract Two experiments on the role of neophobia in poison-induced aversions to exteroceptive stimuli are reported. In Experiment 1, rats were given either 10 or 25 days of habituation to the test situation prior to conditioning. Those animals with the longer habituation period avoided a complex of novel exteroceptive stimuli while those with the shorter habituation period did not. In Experiment 2 rats initially avoided the more novel of two containers, but gradually came to eat equal amounts from both. A single pairing of toxicosis with consumption from either the novel or the familiar container reinstated the avoidance of the novel container in both cases. The results were discussed in terms of an interaction between habituation and conditioning procedures. It was suggested that previously reported differences between interoceptive and exteroceptive conditioning effects may have been influenced by the differential novelty of the two classes of stimuli in the test situation. It was further suggested that non-contingently poisoned control groups should routinely be included in poison avoidance conditioning studies.  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0097-7403 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:1151289 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2791  
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Author Morell, V. doi  openurl
  Title Nicola Clayton profile. Nicky and the jays Type
  Year 2007 Publication Science (New York, N.Y.) Abbreviated Journal Science  
  Volume 315 Issue 5815 Pages 1074-1075  
  Keywords Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; England; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Intelligence; Memory; Passeriformes/*physiology; Portraits  
  Abstract  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1095-9203 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:17322042 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2833  
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