Equine and Animal Cognition Reference Database -- Query Results

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Author	Nocera, J.J.; Forbes, G.J.; Giraldeau, L.-A.
Title	Inadvertent social information in breeding site selection of natal dispersing birds			Type	Journal Article
Year	2006	Publication	Proceedings. Biological Sciences / The Royal Society	Abbreviated Journal	Proc Biol Sci
Volume	273	Issue	1584	Pages	349-355
Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Breeding; Environment; Female; Logistic Models; Male; Songbirds/growth & development/physiology
Abstract	Several species use the number of young produced as public information (PI) to assess breeding site quality. PI is inaccessible for synchronously breeding birds because nests are empty by the time the young can collect this information. We investigate if location cues are the next best source of inadvertent social information (ISI) used by young prospectors during breeding site choice. We experimentally deployed ISI as decoys and song playbacks of breeding males in suitable and sub-optimal habitats during pre- and post-breeding periods, and monitored territory establishment during the subsequent breeding season for a social, bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus), and a more solitary species, Nelson's sharp-tailed sparrow (Ammodramus nelsoni). The sparrows did not respond to treatments, but bobolinks responded strongly to post-breeding location cues, irrespective of habitat quality. The following year, 17/20 sub-optimal plots to which bobolink males were recruited were defended for at least two weeks, indicating that song heard the previous year could exert a “carry-over attraction” effect on conspecifics the following year. Sixteen recruited males were natal dispersers, as expected when animals have little opportunity to directly sample their natal habitat quality. We suggest that differences in breeding synchronicity may induce an equivalent clinal distribution of ISI use.
Address	Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Bag Service #45111, Fredericton, NB E3B 6E1, Canada. j.nocera@unb.ca
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0962-8452	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:16543178			Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	2129
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Author	Johnstone, R.A.
Title	Eavesdropping and animal conflict			Type	Journal Article
Year	2001	Publication	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Volume	98	Issue	16	Pages	9177-9180
Keywords	Aggression; Animals; Behavior, Animal; *Conflict (Psychology); Models, Theoretical
Abstract	Fights between pairs of animals frequently take place within a wider social context. The displays exchanged during conflict, and the outcome of an encounter, are often detectable by individuals who are not immediately involved. In at least some species, such bystanders are known to eavesdrop on contests between others, and to modify their behavior toward the contestants in response to the observed interaction. Here, I extend Maynard Smith's well known model of animal aggression, the Hawk-Dove game, to incorporate the possibility of eavesdroppers. I show that some eavesdropping is favored whenever the cost of losing an escalated fight exceeds the value of the contested resource, and that its equilibrium frequency is greatest when costs are relatively high. Eavesdropping reduces the risk of escalated conflict relative to that expected by chance, given the level of aggression in the population. However, it also promotes increased aggression, because it enhances the value of victory. The net result is that escalated conflicts are predicted to occur more frequently when eavesdropping is possible.
Address	Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom. raj1003@hermes.cam.ac.uk
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0027-8424	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:11459936			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	497
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Author	Virga, V.; Houpt, K.A.
Title	Prevalence of placentophagia in horses			Type	Journal Article
Year	2001	Publication	Equine veterinary journal	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J
Volume	33	Issue	2	Pages	208-210
Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Colic/epidemiology/veterinary; Exploratory Behavior; Feeding Behavior; Female; Horse Diseases/epidemiology; Horses; Incidence; New York/epidemiology; *Placenta; Postpartum Period; Pregnancy; Prevalence; Questionnaires
Abstract
Address	Animal Behavior Clinic, Cornell University Hospital for Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0425-1644	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:11266073			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	31
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Author	McGreevy, P.D.; French, N.P.; Nicol, C.J.
Title	The prevalence of abnormal behaviours in dressage, eventing and endurance horses in relation to stabling			Type	Journal Article
Year	1995	Publication	The Veterinary record	Abbreviated Journal	Vet. Rec.
Volume	137	Issue	2	Pages	36-37
Keywords	Animal Husbandry/methods; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Horse Diseases/psychology; Horses; Physical Conditioning, Animal; Prevalence; Questionnaires; *Stereotyped Behavior
Abstract	The behaviour of horses competing in different disciplines was studied and the relationship between the time they spent out of the stable and the prevalence of abnormal behaviour was examined. The owners of dressage, eventing and endurance horses were sent a questionnaire and a total of 1101 responses were received, giving data on 1750 horses. The behaviours studied were wood-chewing, weaving, crib-biting/wind-sucking and box-walking. The reported percentage prevalences of abnormal behaviour for the dressage, eventing and endurance horses were 32.5, 30.8 and 19.5, respectively. The relationship between the time spent in the stable and the prevalence of abnormal behaviour was examined by chi 2 tests which showed that there were significant linear trends for the eventing group (P < 0.001) and the dressage group (P < 0.05). It is concluded that the time a horse spends out of the stable is related to the discipline for which it is being trained and in dressage and eventing horses the time spent in a stable is correlated with an increased risk of abnormal behaviour.
Address	University of Bristol, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Langford
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0042-4900	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:8525580			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	89
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Author	Zentall, T.R.
Title	Mental time travel in animals: a challenging question			Type	Journal Article
Year	2006	Publication	Behavioural processes	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Process.
Volume	72	Issue	2	Pages	173-183
Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Columbidae; Concept Formation; Conditioning, Operant; Imagination; Memory; Mental Recall; Planning Techniques; Rats; Time Perception; Transfer (Psychology)
Abstract	Humans have the ability to mentally recreate past events (using episodic memory) and imagine future events (by planning). The best evidence for such mental time travel is personal and thus subjective. For this reason, it is particularly difficult to study such behavior in animals. There is some indirect evidence, however, that animals have both episodic memory and the ability to plan for the future. When unexpectedly asked to do so, animals can report about their recent past experiences (episodic memory) and they also appear to be able to use the anticipation of a future event as the basis for a present action (planning). Thus, the ability to imagine past and future events may not be uniquely human.
Address	Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA. zentall@uky.edu
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0376-6357	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:16466863			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	218
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Author	Shettleworth, S.J.
Title	Taking the best for learning			Type	Journal Article
Year	2005	Publication	Behavioural processes	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Process.
Volume	69	Issue	2	Pages	147-9; author reply 159-63
Keywords	Algorithms; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Decision Making; Evolution; Learning; Models, Theoretical
Abstract	Examples of how animals learn when multiple, sometimes redundant, cues are present provide further examples not considered by Hutchinson and Gigerenzer that seem to fit the principle of taking the best. “The best” may the most valid cue in the present circumstances; evolution may also produce species-specific biases to use the most functionally relevant cues.
Address	Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada M5S 3G3. shettle@psych.utoronto.ca
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0376-6357	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:15845301			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	361
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Author	Shettleworth, S.J.
Title	Reinforcement and the organization of behavior in golden hamsters: Pavlovian conditioning with food and shock unconditioned stimuli			Type	Journal Article
Year	1978	Publication	Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
Volume	4	Issue	2	Pages	152-169
Keywords	Acoustic Stimulation; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Conditioning, Classical; Conditioning, Operant; Cricetinae; Electroshock; Female; Food; Male; Punishment; *Reinforcement (Psychology); Reinforcement Schedule
Abstract	The effects of Pavlovian conditioned stimuli (CSs) for food or shock on a variety of behaviors of golden hamsters were observed in three experiments. The aim was to see whether previously reported differences among the behaviors produced by food reinforcement and punishment procedures could be accounted for by differential effects of Pavlovian conditioning on the behaviors. There was some correspondence between the behaviors observed to the CSs and the previously reported effects of instrumental training. However, the Pavlovian conditioned responses (CRs) alone would not have predicted the effects of instrumental training. Moreover, CRs depended to some extent on the context in which training and testing occurred. These findings, together with others in the literature, suggest that the results of Pavlovian conditioning procedures may not unambiguously predict what system of behaviors will be most readily modified by instrumental training with a given reinforcer.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:670890			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	387
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Author	Miklósi, Á.; Soproni, K.
Title	A comparative analysis of animals' understanding of the human pointing gesture			Type	Journal Article
Year	2006	Publication	Animal cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
Volume	9	Issue	2	Pages	81-93
Keywords	Animal Communication; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Child; Child, Preschool; Dogs; Fixation, Ocular; Gestures; Hand; Humans; Nonverbal Communication; Pinnipedia; Primates; Problem Solving; *Recognition (Psychology); Species Specificity
Abstract	We review studies demonstrating the ability of some animals to understand the human pointing gesture. We present a 3-step analysis of the topic. (1) We compare and evaluate current experimental methods (2) We compare available experimental results on performance of different species and investigate the interaction of species differences and other independent variables (3) We evaluate how our present understanding of pointing comprehension answers questions about function, evolution and mechanisms. Recently, a number of different hypotheses have been put forward to account for the presence of this ability in some species and for the lack of such comprehension in others. In our view, there is no convincing evidence for the assumption that the competitive lifestyles of apes would inhibit the utilization of this human gesture. Similarly, domestication as a special evolutionary factor in the case of some species falls short in explaining high levels of pointing comprehension in some non-domestic species. We also disagree with the simplistic view of describing the phenomenon as a simple form of conditioning. We suggest that a more systematic comparative research is needed to understand the emerging communicative representational abilities in animals that provide the background for comprehending the human pointing gesture.
Address	Department of Ethology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Pazmany P 1/c, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary. miklosa@ludens.elte.hu
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:16235075			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	463
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Author	Viscido, S.V.; Miller, M.; Wethey, D.S.
Title	The dilemma of the selfish herd: the search for a realistic movement rule			Type	Journal Article
Year	2002	Publication	Journal of theoretical biology	Abbreviated Journal	J. Theor. Biol.
Volume	217	Issue	2	Pages	183-194
Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Mass Behavior; Models, Biological; *Motor Activity; Predatory Behavior
Abstract	The selfish herd hypothesis predicts that aggregations form because individuals move toward one another to minimize their own predation risk. The “dilemma of the selfish herd” is that movement rules that are easy for individuals to follow, fail to produce true aggregations, while rules that produce aggregations require individual behavior so complex that one may doubt most animals can follow them. If natural selection at the individual level is responsible for herding behavior, a solution to the dilemma must exist. Using computer simulations, we examined four different movement rules. Relative predation risk was different for all four movement rules (p<0.05). We defined three criteria for measuring the quality of a movement rule. A good movement rule should (a) be statistically likely to benefit an individual that follows it, (b) be something we can imagine most animals are capable of following, and (c) result in a centrally compact flock. The local crowded horizon rule, which allowed individuals to take the positions of many flock-mates into account, but decreased the influence of flock-mates with distance, best satisfied these criteria. The local crowded horizon rule was very sensitive to the animal's perceptive ability. Therefore, the animal's ability to detect its neighbors is an important factor in the dynamics of group formation.
Address	Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA. viscido@u.washington.edu
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0022-5193	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:12202112			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	554
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Author	Heyes, C.M.
Title	Social learning in animals: categories and mechanisms			Type	Journal Article
Year	1994	Publication	Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society	Abbreviated Journal	Biol. Rev.
Volume	69	Issue	2	Pages	207-231
Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Conditioning (Psychology); Learning; Reinforcement (Psychology); *Social Behavior
Abstract	There has been relatively little research on the psychological mechanisms of social learning. This may be due, in part, to the practice of distinguishing categories of social learning in relation to ill-defined mechanisms (Davis, 1973; Galef, 1988). This practice both makes it difficult to identify empirically examples of different types of social learning, and gives the false impression that the mechanisms responsible for social learning are clearly understood. It has been proposed that social learning phenomena be subsumed within the categorization scheme currently used by investigators of asocial learning. This scheme distinguishes categories of learning according to observable conditions, namely, the type of experience that gives rise to a change in an animal (single stimulus vs. stimulus-stimulus relationship vs. response-reinforcer relationship), and the type of behaviour in which this change is detected (response evocation vs. learnability) (Rescorla, 1988). Specifically, three alignments have been proposed: (i) stimulus enhancement with single stimulus learning, (ii) observational conditioning with stimulus-stimulus learning, or Pavlovian conditioning, and (iii) observational learning with response-reinforcer learning, or instrumental conditioning. If, as the proposed alignments suggest, the conditions of social and asocial learning are the same, there is some reason to believe that the mechanisms underlying the two sets of phenomena are also the same. This is so if one makes the relatively uncontroversial assumption that phenomena which occur under similar conditions tend to be controlled by similar mechanisms. However, the proposed alignments are intended to be a set of hypotheses, rather than conclusions, about the mechanisms of social learning; as a basis for further research in which animal learning theory is applied to social learning. A concerted attempt to apply animal learning theory to social learning, to find out whether the same mechanisms are responsible for social and asocial learning, could lead both to refinements of the general theory, and to a better understanding of the mechanisms of social learning. There are precedents for these positive developments in research applying animal learning theory to food aversion learning (e.g. Domjan, 1983; Rozin & Schull, 1988) and imprinting (e.g. Bolhuis, de Vox & Kruit, 1990; Hollis, ten Cate & Bateson, 1991). Like social learning, these phenomena almost certainly play distinctive roles in the antogeny of adaptive behaviour, and they are customarily regarded as 'special kinds' of learning (Shettleworth, 1993).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Address	Department of Psychology, University College London
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	1464-7931	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:8054445			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	708
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