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Author Hamilton, W.D. doi  openurl
  Title Geometry for the selfish herd Type Journal Article
  Year 1971 Publication Journal of theoretical biology Abbreviated Journal J. Theor. Biol.  
  Volume 31 Issue 2 Pages 295-311  
  Keywords Animals; Anura; *Behavior, Animal; Breeding; Communication; Evolution; Fear; Metallurgy; *Models, Biological; Probability; Snakes; *Spatial Behavior  
  Abstract This paper presents an antithesis to the view that gregarious behaviour is evolved through benefits to the population or species. Following Galton (1871) and Williams (1964) gregarious behaviour is considered as a form of cover-seeking in which each animal tries to reduce its chance of being caught by a predator.

It is easy to see how pruning of marginal individuals can maintain centripetal instincts in already gregarious species; some evidence that marginal pruning actually occurs is summarized. Besides this, simply defined models are used to show that even in non-gregarious species selection is likely to favour individuals who stay close to others.

Although not universal or unipotent, cover-seeking is a widespread and important element in animal aggregation, as the literature shows. Neglect of the idea has probably followed from a general disbelief that evolution can be dysgenic for a species. Nevertheless, selection theory provides no support for such disbelief in the case of species with outbreeding or unsubdivided populations.

The model for two dimensions involves a complex problem in geometrical probability which has relevance also in metallurgy and communication science. Some empirical data on this, gathered from random number plots, is presented as of possible heuristic value.
 
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  ISSN 0022-5193 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:5104951 Approved (up) no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 771  
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Author Mills, D.S. openurl 
  Title Applying learning theory to the management of the horse: the difference between getting it right and getting it wrong Type Journal Article
  Year 1998 Publication Equine veterinary journal. Supplement Abbreviated Journal Equine Vet J Suppl  
  Volume Issue 27 Pages 44-48  
  Keywords Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Horses/*psychology; *Learning; Reinforcement (Psychology)  
  Abstract Horses constantly modify their behaviour as a result of experience. This involves the creation of an association between events or stimuli. The influence of people on the modification and generation of certain behaviour patterns extends beyond the intentional training of the horse. The impact of any action depends on how it is perceived by the horse, rather than the motive of the handler. Negative and positive reinforcement increase the probability of specific behaviours recurring i.e. strengthen the association between events, whereas punishment reduces the probable recurrence of a behaviour without providing specific information about the desired alternative. In this paper the term 'punishers' is used to refer to the physical aids, such as a whip or crop, which may be used to bring about the process of punishment. However, if their application ceases when a specific behaviour occurs they may negatively reinforce that action. Intended 'punishers' may also be rewarding (e.g. for attention seeking behaviour). Therefore, contingency factors (which define the relationship between stimuli, such as the level of reinforcement), contiguity factors (which describe the proximity of events in space or time) and choice of reinforcing stimuli are critical in determining the rate of learning. The many problems associated with the application of punishment in practice lead to confusion by both horse and handler and, possibly, abuse of the former. Most behaviour problems relate to handling and management of the horse and can be avoided or treated with a proper analysis of the factors influencing the behaviour.  
  Address De Montfort University Lincoln, School of Agriculture and Horticulture, Caythorpe, Lincs., UK  
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  Notes PMID:10485004 Approved (up) no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 845  
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Author Cooper, J.J. openurl 
  Title Comparative learning theory and its application in the training of horses Type Journal Article
  Year 1998 Publication Equine veterinary journal. Supplement Abbreviated Journal Equine Vet J Suppl  
  Volume Issue 27 Pages 39-43  
  Keywords Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Conditioning (Psychology); Horses/*psychology; *Learning; Reinforcement (Psychology)  
  Abstract Training can best be explained as a process that occurs through stimulus-response-reinforcement chains, whereby animals are conditioned to associate cues in their environment, with specific behavioural responses and their rewarding consequences. Research into learning in horses has concentrated on their powers of discrimination and on primary positive reinforcement schedules, where the correct response is paired with a desirable consequence such as food. In contrast, a number of other learning processes that are used in training have been widely studied in other species, but have received little scientific investigation in the horse. These include: negative reinforcement, where performance of the correct response is followed by removal of, or decrease in, intensity of a unpleasant stimulus; punishment, where an incorrect response is paired with an undesirable consequence, but without consistent prior warning; secondary conditioning, where a natural primary reinforcer such as food is closely associated with an arbitrary secondary reinforcer such as vocal praise; and variable or partial conditioning, where once the correct response has been learnt, reinforcement is presented according to an intermittent schedule to increase resistance to extinction outside of training.  
  Address Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, UK  
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  Notes PMID:10485003 Approved (up) no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 846  
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Author Scheibe, K.M.; Gromann, C. openurl 
  Title Application testing of a new three-dimensional acceleration measuring system with wireless data transfer (WAS) for behavior analysis Type
  Year 2006 Publication Behavior research methods Abbreviated Journal Behav Res Methods  
  Volume 38 Issue 3 Pages 427-433  
  Keywords Acceleration; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Cattle; Cattle Diseases/*diagnosis; Computer Communication Networks/*instrumentation; Forelimb/physiopathology; Fractals; Hindlimb/physiopathology; Horse Diseases/*diagnosis; Horses; Imaging, Three-Dimensional/instrumentation/methods/veterinary; Lameness, Animal/*diagnosis; Monitoring, Ambulatory/instrumentation/*methods; Motor Activity; Movement; Pattern Recognition, Automated/methods  
  Abstract A wireless acceleration measurement system was applied to free-moving cows and horses. Sensors were available as a collar and a flat box for measuring leg or trunk movements. Results were transmitted simultaneously by radio or stored in an 8-MB internal memory. As analytical procedures, frequency distributions with standard deviations, spectral analyses, and fractal analyses were applied. Bymeans of the collar sensor, basic behavior patterns (standing, grazing, walking, ruminating, drinking, and hay uptake) could be identified in cows. Lameness could be detected in cows and horses by means of the leg sensor. The portion of basic and harmonic spectral components was reduced; the fractal dimension was reduced. The system can be used for the detection and analysis of even small movements of free-moving humans or animals over several hours. It is convenient for the analysis of basic behaviors, emotional reactions, or events causing flight or fright or for comparing different housing elements, such as floors or fences.  
  Address Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany. kscheibe@izw-berlin.de  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1554-351X ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:17186752 Approved (up) no  
  Call Number Serial 1775  
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Author Huxley, J. openurl 
  Title Equine interspecies aggression Type
  Year 2006 Publication The Veterinary record Abbreviated Journal Vet. Rec.  
  Volume 159 Issue 25 Pages 860  
  Keywords *Aggression; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Horses; Male; Sheep  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0042-4900 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:17172489 Approved (up) no  
  Call Number Serial 1776  
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Author Burden, F.; Trawford, A. openurl 
  Title Equine interspecies aggression Comment on Type
  Year 2006 Publication The Veterinary record Abbreviated Journal Vet. Rec.  
  Volume 159 Issue 25 Pages 859-860  
  Keywords *Aggression; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Cats; Dogs; Equidae  
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  ISSN 0042-4900 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:17172484 Approved (up) no  
  Call Number Serial 1777  
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Author Macholc, E.J.A. openurl 
  Title Equine interspecies aggression Type
  Year 2006 Publication The Veterinary record Abbreviated Journal Vet. Rec.  
  Volume 159 Issue 24 Pages 824  
  Keywords *Aggression; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Chickens; Ducks; *Horses; Species Specificity  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0042-4900 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:17158722 Approved (up) no  
  Call Number Serial 1778  
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Author Momozawa, Y.; Takeuchi, Y.; Tozaki, T.; Kikusui, T.; Hasegawa, T.; Raudsepp, T.; Chowdhary, B.P.; Kusunose, R.; Mori, Y. doi  openurl
  Title SNP detection and radiation hybrid mapping in horses of nine candidate genes for temperament Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication Animal Genetics Abbreviated Journal Anim Genet  
  Volume 38 Issue 1 Pages 81-83  
  Keywords Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Breeding; Horses/*genetics/physiology; *Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Radiation Hybrid Mapping; *Temperament  
  Abstract  
  Address Laboratory of Veterinary Ethology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan  
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  ISSN 0268-9146 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:17257195 Approved (up) no  
  Call Number Serial 1834  
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Author Mills, D.S. openurl 
  Title Comments about the importance of behaviour to equine clinicians Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication Equine Veterinary Journal Abbreviated Journal Equine Vet J  
  Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 95  
  Keywords Animals; *Behavior, Animal/physiology; *Clinical Competence; Horses/*physiology; Humans; Veterinarians/*psychology; Veterinary Medicine/*standards  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0425-1644 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:17228604 Approved (up) no  
  Call Number Serial 1839  
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Author Robertson, S. openurl 
  Title The importance of assessing pain in horses and donkeys Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication Equine Veterinary Journal Abbreviated Journal Equine Vet J  
  Volume 38 Issue 1 Pages 5-6  
  Keywords Animals; *Behavior, Animal/physiology; Equidae/*physiology; Horses/physiology; Pain/diagnosis/prevention & control/*veterinary; Pain Measurement/methods/*veterinary; Veterinary Medicine/*methods  
  Abstract  
  Address Section of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, College of Veterinary of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610-0136, USA  
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  ISSN 0425-1644 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:16411578 Approved (up) no  
  Call Number Serial 1881  
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