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	Author	Brodbeck, D.R.
	Title	Picture fragment completion: priming in the pigeon			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1997	Publication	Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
	Volume	23	Issue	4	Pages	461-468
	Keywords	Animals; Attention; Awareness; Columbidae; Mental Recall; Pattern Recognition, Visual; *Perceptual Masking; Problem Solving
	Abstract	It has been suggested that the system behind implicit memory in humans is evolutionarily old and that animals should readily show priming. In Experiment 1, a picture fragment completion test was used to test priming in pigeons. After pecking a warning stimulus, pigeons were shown 2 partially obscured pictures from different categories and were always reinforced for choosing a picture from one of the categories. On control trials, the warning stimulus was a picture of some object (not from the S+ or S- category), on study trials the warning stimulus was a picture to be categorized on the next trial, and on test trials the warning stimulus was a randomly chosen picture and the S+ picture was the warning stimulus seen on the previous trial. Categorization was better on study and test trials than on control trials. Experiment 2 ruled out the possibility that the priming effect was caused by the pigeons' responding to familiarity by using warning stimuli from both S+ and S- categories. Experiment 3 investigated the time course of the priming effect.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada. brodbeck@thunderbird.auc.laurentian.ca
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:9411019			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2777
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	Author	Clement, T.S.; Weaver, J.E.; Sherburne, L.M.; Zentall, T.R.
	Title	Simultaneous discrimination learning in pigeons: value of S- affects the relative value of its associated S+			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. B, Comparative and physiological psychology	Abbreviated Journal	Q J Exp Psychol B
	Volume	51	Issue	4	Pages	363-378
	Keywords	Animals; Attention; Color Perception; Columbidae; Discrimination Learning; Female; Male; *Motivation; Orientation; Transfer (Psychology)
	Abstract	In a simple simultaneous discrimination involving a positive stimulus (S+) and a negative stimulus (S-), it has been hypothesized that positive value can transfer from the S+ to the S- (thus increasing the relative value of the S-) and also that negative value can transfer from the S- to the S+ (thus diminishing the relative value of the S+; Fersen, Wynne, Delius, & Staddon, 1991). Evidence for positive value transfer has been reported in pigeons (e.g. Zentall & Sherburne, 1994). The purpose of the present experiments was to determine, in a simultaneous discrimination, whether the S- diminishes the value of the S+ or the S- is contrasted with the S+ (thus enhancing the value of the S+). In two experiments, we found evidence for contrast, rather than value transfer, attributable to simultaneous discrimination training. Thus, not only does the S+ appear to enhance the value of the S-, but the S- appears to enhance rather than reduce the value of the S+.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506-0044, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0272-4995	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:9854439			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	252
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	Author	Zentall, T.R.
	Title	Timing, memory for intervals, and memory for untimed stimuli: the role of instructional ambiguity			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Behavioural processes	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Process.
	Volume	70	Issue	3	Pages	209-222
	Keywords	Animals; Attention; Columbidae; Discrimination Learning; Memory, Short-Term; Practice (Psychology); Reinforcement Schedule; Retention (Psychology); *Time Perception
	Abstract	Theories of animal timing have had to account for findings that the memory for the duration of a timed interval appears to be dramatically shorted within a short time of its termination. This finding has led to the subjective shortening hypothesis and it has been proposed to account for the poor memory that animals appear to have for the initial portion of a timed interval when a gap is inserted in the to-be-timed signal. It has also been proposed to account for the poor memory for a relatively long interval that has been discriminated from a shorter interval. I suggest here a simpler account in which ambiguity between the gap or retention interval and the intertrial interval results in resetting the clock, rather than forgetting the interval. The ambiguity hypothesis, together with a signal salience mechanism that determines how quickly the clock is reset at the start of the intertrial interval can account for the results of the reported timing experiments that have used the peak procedure. Furthermore, instructional ambiguity rather than memory loss may account for the results of many animal memory experiments that do not involve memory for time.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 202B Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA. zentall@uky.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0376-6357	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16095851			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	222
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	Author	Zentall, T.R.
	Title	Selective and divided attention in animals			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Behavioural processes	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Process.
	Volume	69	Issue	1	Pages	1-15
	Keywords	Animals; Attention; Behavior, Animal; Discrimination (Psychology); Field Dependence-Independence; *Psychological Theory
	Abstract	This article reviews some of the research on attentional processes in animals. In the traditional approach to selective attention, it is proposed that in addition to specific response attachments, animals also learn something about the dimension along which the stimuli fall (e.g., hue, brightness, or line orientation). More recently, there has been an attempt to find animal analogs to methodologies originally applied to research with humans. One line of research has been directed to the question of whether animals can locate a target among distracters faster if they are prepared for the presentation of the target (search image and priming). In the study of search image, the target is typically a food item and the cue consists of previous trials on which the same target is presented. In research on priming effects, the cue is typically different from the target but is a good predictor of its occurrence. The study of preattentive processes shows that perceptually, certain stimuli stand out from distracters better than others, depending not only on characteristics of the target relative to the distracters, but also on relations among the distracters. Research on divided attention is examined with the goal of determining whether an animal can process two elements of a compound sample with the same efficiency as one. Taken together, the reviewed research indicates that animals are capable of centrally (not just peripherally) attending to selective aspects of a stimulus display.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 202B Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA. Zentall@uky.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0376-6357	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15795066			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	224
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	Author	Virányi, Z.; Topál, J.; Gácsi, M.; Miklósi, Á.; Csányi, V.
	Title	Dogs respond appropriately to cues of humans' attentional focus			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Behavioural Processes	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Process.
	Volume	66	Issue	2	Pages	161-172
	Keywords	Animals; Attention; Bonding, Human-Pet; Communication; Cues; Dogs; Humans; Recognition (Psychology)
	Abstract	Dogs' ability to recognise cues of human visual attention was studied in different experiments. Study 1 was designed to test the dogs' responsiveness to their owner's tape-recorded verbal commands (Down!) while the Instructor (who was the owner of the dog) was facing either the dog or a human partner or none of them, or was visually separated from the dog. Results show that dogs were more ready to follow the command if the Instructor attended them during instruction compared to situations when the Instructor faced the human partner or was out of sight of the dog. Importantly, however, dogs showed intermediate performance when the Instructor was orienting into 'empty space' during the re-played verbal commands. This suggests that dogs are able to differentiate the focus of human attention. In Study 2 the same dogs were offered the possibility to beg for food from two unfamiliar humans whose visual attention (i.e. facing the dog or turning away) was systematically varied. The dogs' preference for choosing the attentive person shows that dogs are capable of using visual cues of attention to evaluate the human actors' responsiveness to solicit food-sharing. The dogs' ability to understand the communicatory nature of the situations is discussed in terms of their social cognitive skills and unique evolutionary history.
	Address	Department of Ethology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary. zsofi.viranyi@freemail.hu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0376-6357	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15110918			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4957
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	Author	Akins, C.K.; Zentall, T.R.
	Title	Imitative learning in male Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) using the two-action method			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
	Volume	110	Issue	3	Pages	316-320
	Keywords	Animals; Appetitive Behavior; Attention; Coturnix; Imitative Behavior; Male; Motivation; Transfer (Psychology)
	Abstract	The study of imitative learning in animals has suffered from the presence of a number of confounding motivational and attentional factors (e.g., social facilitation and stimulus enhancement). The two-action method avoids these problems by exposing observers to demonstrators performing a response (e.g., operating a treadle) using 1 of 2 distinctive topographies (e.g., by pecking or by stepping). Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) observers exposed to conspecific demonstrators showed a high correlation between the topography of the response they observed and the response they performed. These data provide strong evidence for the existence of true imitative learning in an active, precocious bird under conditions that control for alternative accounts.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506-0044, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8858851			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	254
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	Author	Call, J.; Brauer, J.; Kaminski, J.; Tomasello, M.
	Title	*Domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) are sensitive to the attentional state of humans*			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
	Volume	117	Issue	3	Pages	257-263
	Keywords	Animals; Appetitive Behavior; Attention; Bonding, Human-Pet; Concept Formation; Cues; Dogs/psychology; Female; Humans; Inhibition (Psychology); Male; Nonverbal Communication
	Abstract	Twelve domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) were given a series of trials in which they were forbidden to take a piece of visible food. In some trials, the human continued to look at the dog throughout the trial (control condition), whereas in others, the human (a) left the room, (b) turned her back, (c) engaged in a distracting activity, or (d) closed her eyes. Dogs behaved in clearly different ways in most of the conditions in which the human did not watch them compared with the control condition, in which she did. In particular, when the human looked at them, dogs retrieved less food, approached it in a more indirect way, and sat (as opposed to laid down) more often than in the other conditions. Results are discussed in terms of domestic dogs' social-cognitive skills and their unique evolutionary and ontogenetic histories.
	Address	Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany. call@eva.mpg.de
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Washington, D.C. : 1983	Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:14498801			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	713
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	Author	Schwab, C.; Huber, L.
	Title	*Obey or not obey? Dogs (Canis familiaris) behave differently in response to attentional states of their owners*			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Journal of Comparative Psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
	Volume	120	Issue	3	Pages	169-175
	Keywords	Animals; Attention; Awareness; Bonding, Human-Pet; Cooperative Behavior; Cues; Dogs/psychology; Humans; Motivation; Nonverbal Communication; Social Perception; Speech Perception; *Verbal Behavior
	Abstract	Sixteen domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) were tested in a familiar context in a series of 1-min trials on how well they obeyed after being told by their owner to lie down. Food was used in 1/3 of all trials, and during the trial the owner engaged in 1 of 5 activities. The dogs behaved differently depending on the owner's attention to them. When being watched by the owner, the dogs stayed lying down most often and/or for the longest time compared with when the owner read a book, watched TV, turned his or her back on them, or left the room. These results indicate that the dogs sensed the attentional state of their owners by judging observable behavioral cues such as eye contact and eye, head, and body orientation.
	Address	Department for Behavior, Neurobiology and Cognition, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. cpriberskyschwab@yahoo.de
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16893253			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4961
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	Author	Hostetter, A.B.; Cantero, M.; Hopkins, W.D.
	Title	*Differential use of vocal and gestural communication by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in response to the attentional status of a human (Homo sapiens)*			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Journal of Comparative Psychology	Abbreviated Journal	J. Comp. Psychol.
	Volume	115	Issue	4	Pages	337-343
	Keywords	Animals; Attention; Communication Methods, Total; Female; Gestures; Humans; Male; Motivation; Pan troglodytes/psychology; Social Environment; Species Specificity; *Vocalization, Animal
	Abstract	This study examined the communicative behavior of 49 captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), particularly their use of vocalizations, manual gestures, and other auditory- or tactile-based behaviors as a means of gaining an inattentive audience's attention. A human (Homo sapiens) experimenter held a banana while oriented either toward or away from the chimpanzee. The chimpanzees' behavior was recorded for 60 s. Chimpanzees emitted vocalizations faster and were more likely to produce vocalizations as their 1st communicative behavior when a human was oriented away from them. Chimpanzees used manual gestures more frequently and faster when the human was oriented toward them. These results replicate the findings of earlier studies on chimpanzee gestural communication and provide new information about the intentional and functional use of their vocalizations.
	Address	Department of Psychology, Berry College, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:11824896			Approved	yes
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4970
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	Author	Marten, K.; Psarakos, S.
	Title	Using self-view television to distinguish between self-examination and social behavior in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	Consciousness and Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Conscious Cogn
	Volume	4	Issue	2	Pages	205-224
	Keywords	Animal Communication; Animals; Attention; Discrimination Learning; Dolphins/psychology; Female; Male; Self Concept; Social Behavior; Television; Visual Perception
	Abstract	In mirror mark tests dolphins twist, posture, and engage in open-mouth and head movements, often repetitive. Because postures and an open mouth are also dolphin social behaviors, we used self-view television as a manipulatable mirror to distinguish between self-examination and social behavior. Two dolphins were exposed to alternating real-time self-view (“mirror mode”) and playback of the same to determine if they distinguished between them. The adult male engaged in elaborate open-mouth behaviors in mirror mode, but usually just watched when played back the same material. Mirror mode behavior was also compared to interacting with real dolphins (controls). Mark tests were conducted, as well as switches from front to side self-views to see if the dolphins turned. They presented marked areas to the self-view television and turned. The results suggest self-examination over social behavior.
	Address	Earthtrust, Kailua, Hawaii 96734, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1053-8100	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8521259			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4164
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