Equine and Animal Cognition Reference Database -- Query Results

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Author	Paukner, A.; Anderson, J.R.; Fujita, K.
Title	Redundant food searches by capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella): a failure of metacognition?			Type	Journal Article
Year	2006	Publication	Animal cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
Volume	9	Issue	2	Pages	110-117
Keywords	Animals; Appetitive Behavior; Cebus; Concept Formation; Female; Male; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Problem Solving; Visual Perception
Abstract	This study investigated capuchin monkeys' understanding of their own visual search behavior as a means to gather information. Five monkeys were presented with three tubes that could be visually searched to determine the location of a bait. The bait's visibility was experimentally manipulated, and the monkeys' spontaneous visual searches before tube selection were analyzed. In Experiment 1, three monkeys selected the baited tube significantly above chance; however, the monkeys also searched transparent tubes. In Experiment 2, a bent tube in which food was never visible was introduced. When the bent tube was baited, the monkeys failed to deduce the bait location and responded randomly. They also continued to look into the bent tube despite not gaining any pertinent information from it. The capuchin monkeys' behavior contrasts with the efficient employment of visual search behavior reported in humans, apes and macaques. This difference is consistent with species-related variations in metacognitive abilities, although other explanations are also possible.
Address	Department of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK. ap14@stir.ac.uk
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:16184375			Approved	no
Call Number	Admin @ knut @			Serial	15
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Author	Herrmann, E.; Melis, A.P.; Tomasello, M.
Title	Apes' use of iconic cues in the object-choice task			Type	Journal Article
Year	2006	Publication	Animal cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
Volume	9	Issue	2	Pages	118-130
Keywords	Animal Communication; Animals; Appetitive Behavior; Choice Behavior; Cues; Female; Gorilla gorilla; Male; Nonverbal Communication; Pan paniscus; Pan troglodytes; Pongo pygmaeus; *Problem Solving; Space Perception; Species Specificity; Statistics, Nonparametric
Abstract	In previous studies great apes have shown little ability to locate hidden food using a physical marker placed by a human directly on the target location. In this study, we hypothesized that the perceptual similarity between an iconic cue and the hidden reward (baited container) would help apes to infer the location of the food. In the first two experiments, we found that if an iconic cue is given in addition to a spatial/indexical cue – e.g., picture or replica of a banana placed on the target location – apes (chimpanzees, bonobos, orangutans, gorillas) as a group performed above chance. However, we also found in two further experiments that when iconic cues were given on their own without spatial/indexical information (iconic cue held up by human with no diagnostic spatial/indexical information), the apes were back to chance performance. Our overall conclusion is that although iconic information helps apes in the process of searching hidden food, the poor performance found in the last two experiments is due to apes' lack of understanding of the informative (cooperative) communicative intention of the experimenter.
Address	Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. eherrman@eva.mpg.de
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:16395566			Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	14
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Author	Zentall, T.R.; Sherburne, L.M.
Title	Transfer of value from S+ to S- in a simultaneous discrimination			Type	Journal Article
Year	1994	Publication	Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
Volume	20	Issue	2	Pages	176-183
Keywords	Animals; Appetitive Behavior; Attention; Color Perception; Columbidae; Discrimination Learning; Female; Male; Motivation; Orientation; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Problem Solving; Reinforcement Schedule; *Transfer (Psychology)
Abstract	Value transfer theory has been proposed to account for transitive inference effects (L. V. Fersen, C. D. L. Wynne, J. D. Delius, & J. E. R. Staddon, 1991), in which following training on 4 simultaneous discriminations (A+B-, B+C-, C+D-, D+E-) pigeons show a preference for B over D. According to this theory, some of the value of reinforcement acquired by each S+ transfers to the S-. In the transitive inference experiment, C (associated with both reward and nonreward) can transfer less value to D than A (associated only with reward) can transfer to B. Support for value transfer theory was demonstrated in 2 experiments in which an S- presented in the context of a stimulus to which responses were always reinforced (S+) was preferred over an S- presented in the context of a stimulus to which responses were sometimes reinforced (S +/-).
Address	Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:8189186			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	258
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Author	Urcuioli, P.J.; Zentall, T.R.
Title	Transfer across delayed discriminations: evidence regarding the nature of prospective working memory			Type	Journal Article
Year	1992	Publication	Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
Volume	18	Issue	2	Pages	154-173
Keywords	Animals; Appetitive Behavior; Attention; Color Perception; Columbidae; Discrimination Learning; Mental Recall; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Problem Solving; Retention (Psychology); Transfer (Psychology)
Abstract	Pigeons were trained successively either on 2 delayed simple discriminations or on a delayed simple discrimination followed by delayed matching-to-sample. During subsequent transfer tests, the initial stimuli from the 1st task were substituted for those in the 2nd. Performances transferred immediately if both sets of initial stimuli had been associated with the presence versus absence of food on their respective retention tests, and the direction of transfer (positive or negative) depended on whether the substitution involved stimuli with identical or different outcome associates. No transfer was found, however, when the initial stimuli were associated with different patterns of responding but food occurred at the end of every trial. These results are consistent with outcome expectancy mediation but are incompatible with response intention and retrospective coding accounts.
Address	Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1364
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:1583445			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	260
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Author	Shettleworth, S.J.; Plowright, C.M.
Title	How pigeons estimate rates of prey encounter			Type	Journal Article
Year	1992	Publication	Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
Volume	18	Issue	3	Pages	219-235
Keywords	Analysis of Variance; Animals; Appetitive Behavior; Columbidae; Conditioning, Operant; Food Preferences/psychology; Motivation; Predatory Behavior; Probability Learning; *Reinforcement Schedule; Social Environment
Abstract	Pigeons were trained on operant schedules simulating successive encounters with prey items. When items were encountered on variable-interval schedules, birds were more likely to accept a poor item (long delay to food) the longer they had just searched, as if they were averaging prey density over a short memory window (Experiment 1). Responding as if the immediate future would be like the immediate past was reversed when a short search predicted a long search next time (Experiment 2). Experience with different degrees of environmental predictability appeared to change the length of the memory window (Experiment 3). The results may reflect linear waiting (Higa, Wynne, & Staddon, 1991), but they differ in some respects. The findings have implications for possible mechanisms of adjusting behavior to current reinforcement conditions.
Address	Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:1619391			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	382
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Author	Shettleworth, S.J.
Title	Foraging, memory, and constraints on learning			Type	Journal Article
Year	1985	Publication	Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Ann N Y Acad Sci
Volume	443	Issue		Pages	216-226
Keywords	Animals; Animals, Wild; Appetitive Behavior; Avoidance Learning; Birds; Conditioning, Classical; Discrimination Learning; Food Preferences; Memory; Mental Recall; Motivation; Predatory Behavior; Rats; *Taste
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0077-8923	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:3860072			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	384
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Author	Shettleworth, S.J.; Krebs, J.R.
Title	How marsh tits find their hoards: the roles of site preference and spatial memory			Type	Journal Article
Year	1982	Publication	Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
Volume	8	Issue	4	Pages	354-375
Keywords	Animals; Appetitive Behavior; Birds; Cues; Discrimination Learning; Memory; Mental Recall; Orientation; *Space Perception
Abstract	Marsh tits (Parus palustris) store single food items in scattered locations and recover them hours or days later. Some properties of the spatial memory involved were analyzed in two laboratory experiments. In the first, marsh tits were offered 97 sites for storing 12 seeds. They recovered a median of 65% of them 2-3 hr later, making only two errors per seed while doing so. Over trials, they used some sites more often than others, but during recovery they were more likely to visit a site of any preference value if they had stored a seed there that day than if they had not. Recovery performance was much worse if the experimenters moved the seeds between storage and recovery. A fixed search strategy that had some of the same average properties as the tits' search behavior also did worse than the real birds. In Experiment 2, any tendency to visit the same sites on successive daily tests in the aviary was placed in opposition to memory for storage sites by allowing the tits to store more seeds 2 hr after storing a first batch. They tended to avoid individual storage sites holding seeds from the first batch. When the tits searched for all the seeds 2 hr later, they tended to recover more seeds from the second batch than from the first, i.e., there was a recency effect.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:7175447			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	385
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Author	Call, J.; Brauer, J.; Kaminski, J.; Tomasello, M.
Title	*Domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) are sensitive to the attentional state of humans*			Type	Journal Article
Year	2003	Publication	Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
Volume	117	Issue	3	Pages	257-263
Keywords	Animals; Appetitive Behavior; Attention; Bonding, Human-Pet; Concept Formation; Cues; Dogs/psychology; Female; Humans; Inhibition (Psychology); Male; Nonverbal Communication
Abstract	Twelve domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) were given a series of trials in which they were forbidden to take a piece of visible food. In some trials, the human continued to look at the dog throughout the trial (control condition), whereas in others, the human (a) left the room, (b) turned her back, (c) engaged in a distracting activity, or (d) closed her eyes. Dogs behaved in clearly different ways in most of the conditions in which the human did not watch them compared with the control condition, in which she did. In particular, when the human looked at them, dogs retrieved less food, approached it in a more indirect way, and sat (as opposed to laid down) more often than in the other conditions. Results are discussed in terms of domestic dogs' social-cognitive skills and their unique evolutionary and ontogenetic histories.
Address	Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany. call@eva.mpg.de
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication	Washington, D.C. : 1983	Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:14498801			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	713
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Author	Horowitz, A.C.
Title	Do humans ape? Or do apes human? Imitation and intention in humans (Homo sapiens) and other animals			Type	Journal Article
Year	2003	Publication	Journal of comparative psychology	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
Volume	117	Issue	3	Pages	325-336
Keywords	Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Appetitive Behavior; Attention; Child, Preschool; Concept Formation; Female; Humans; Imitative Behavior; Male; Motivation; Pan troglodytes/psychology; Problem Solving; *Psychomotor Performance; Reaction Time; Species Specificity
Abstract	A. Whiten, D. M. Custance, J.-C. Gomez, P. Teixidor, and K. A. Bard (1996) tested chimpanzees' (Pan troglodytes) and human children's (Homo sapiens) skills at imitation with a 2-action test on an “artificial fruit.” Chimpanzees imitated to a restricted degree; children were more thoroughly imitative. Such results prompted some to assert that the difference in imitation indicates a difference in the subjects' understanding of the intentions of the demonstrator (M. Tomasello, 1996). In this experiment, 37 adult human subjects were tested with the artificial fruit. Far from being perfect imitators, the adults were less imitative than the children. These results cast doubt on the inference from imitative performance to an ability to understand others' intentions. The results also demonstrate how any test of imitation requires a control group and attention to the level of behavioral analysis.
Address	Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA. ahorowitz@crl.ucsd.edu
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication	Washington, D.C. : 1983	Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:14498809			Approved	yes
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	736
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Author	Dougherty, D.M.; Lewis, P.
Title	Stimulus generalization, discrimination learning, and peak shift in horses			Type	Journal Article
Year	1991	Publication	Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Anal Behav
Volume	56	Issue	1	Pages	97-104
Keywords	Animals; Appetitive Behavior; Attention; Conditioning, Operant; Discrimination Learning; Female; Generalization, Stimulus; Horses/psychology; Male; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Size Perception
Abstract	Using horses, we investigated three aspects of the stimulus control of lever-pressing behavior: stimulus generalization, discrimination learning, and peak shift. Nine solid black circles, ranging in size from 0.5 in. to 4.5 in. (1.3 cm to 11.4 cm) served as stimuli. Each horse was shaped, using successive approximations, to press a rat lever with its lip in the presence of a positive stimulus, the 2.5-in. (6.4-cm) circle. Shaping proceeded quickly and was comparable to that of other laboratory organisms. After responding was maintained on a variable-interval 30-s schedule, stimulus generalization gradients were collected from 2 horses prior to discrimination training. During discrimination training, grain followed lever presses in the presence of a positive stimulus (a 2.5-in circle) and never followed lever presses in the presence of a negative stimulus (a 1.5-in. [3.8-cm] circle). Three horses met a criterion of zero responses to the negative stimulus in fewer than 15 sessions. Horses given stimulus generalization testing prior to discrimination training produced symmetrical gradients; horses given discrimination training prior to generalization testing produced asymmetrical gradients. The peak of these gradients shifted away from the negative stimulus. These results are consistent with discrimination, stimulus generalization, and peak-shift phenomena observed in other organisms.
Address	Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens 45701
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0022-5002	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:1940765			Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	1764
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