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Edwards, K.L.; Bansiddhi, P.; Paris, S.; Galloway, M.; Brown, J.L. |
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Title |
The development of an immunoassay to measure immunoglobulin A in Asian elephant feces, saliva, urine and serum as a potential biomarker of well-being |
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Year |
2019 |
Publication |
Conservation Physiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
conphys |
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7 |
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1 |
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Abstract |
Additional measures of well-being would be beneficial to the management of a variety of species in human care, including elephants. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is an immune protein associated with pathogen defense, which has been demonstrated to decrease during times of stress, and increase in response to positive stimuli. This paper describes the development and validation of an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the quantification of Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) IgA in feces, saliva, urine, and serum. Samples were collected weekly from four females for 6 months to assess IgA and glucocorticoid (GC) concentrations, establish relationships between these two biomarkers, and determine variability in IgA within and between individuals, and across sample types. IgA was quantified in all four sample types, although urinary concentrations were low and sometimes undetectable in individual samples. Concentrations were highly variable within and between individuals, with fecal, salivary and serum IgA, and fecal, salivary and urinary GCs all differing significantly across individuals. Contrary to previous findings, IgA and GC were generally not correlated. Serum IgA was less variable within individuals, with the exception of one female that experienced a brief illness during the study. However, marked inter-individual differences were still apparent. When data from all individuals were combined, fecal IgA was significantly predicted by salivary and urinary IgA; however, this relationship did not hold when individuals were analyzed separately. Analysis of a fifth female that exhibited a more severe systemic illness demonstrated clear increases in fecal IgA and GC, suggesting these may also be useful health biomarkers. Further investigation is needed to determine what sample type is most reflective of biological state in elephants, and how IgA concentrations are associated with health and positive and negative welfare states. Based on observed variability, a longitudinal approach likely will be necessary to use IgA as a measure of well-being. |
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2051-1434 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6591 |
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Esch, L.; Wöhr, C.; Erhard, M.; Krueger, K. |
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Title |
Horses� (Equus Caballus) Laterality, Stress Hormones, and Task Related Behavior in Innovative Problem-Solving |
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2019 |
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Animals |
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Animals |
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9 |
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5 |
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265 |
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innovative behavior; brain lateralization; glucocorticoid metabolites; behavioral traits; equine cognition |
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Domesticated horses are constantly confronted with novel tasks. A recent study on anecdotal data indicates that some are innovative in dealing with such tasks. However, innovative behavior in horses has not previously been investigated under experimental conditions. In this study, we investigated whether 16 horses found an innovative solution when confronted with a novel feeder. Moreover, we investigated whether innovative behavior in horses may be affected by individual aspects such as: age, sex, size, motor and sensory laterality, fecal stress hormone concentrations (GCMs), and task-related behavior. Our study revealed evidence for 25% of the horses being capable of innovative problem solving for operating a novel feeder. Innovative horses of the present study were active, tenacious, and may be considered to have a higher inhibitory control, which was revealed by their task related behavior. Furthermore, they appeared to be emotional, reflected by high baseline GCM concentrations and a left sensory and motor laterality. These findings may contribute to the understanding of horses� cognitive capacities to deal with their environment and calls for enriched environments in sports and leisure horse management. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Esch2019 |
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6570 |
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Fisher, J.; Hinde, R. A. |
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The opening of milk bottles by birds |
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1994 |
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British Birds |
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British Birds |
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42 |
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347-357 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6525 |
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Forrester, G.; Hudry, K.; Lindell, A.; Hopkins, W. D. |
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Cerebral Lateralization and Cognition: Evolutionary and Developmental Investigations of Behavioral Biases |
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2018 |
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238 |
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Academic Press |
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Cambridge |
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9780128146729 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6530 |
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Freitas, J.; Lagos, L.; Álvares, F. |
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Title |
Horses as prey of wolves. |
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2021 |
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Carnivore Damage Preventionnews |
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CDPnews |
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23 |
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1-9 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6677 |
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Author |
Fritts, S.H.; Bangs, E.E.; Gore, J.F. |
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Title |
The relationship of wolf recovery to habitat conservation and biodiversity in the northwestern United States |
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1994 |
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Landsc Urban Plan |
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28 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Fritts1994 |
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6453 |
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Author |
Fuller, T.K.; Sampson, B.A. |
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Evaluation of a simulated howling survey for wolves |
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1988 |
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J Widl Manag |
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52 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Fuller1988 |
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6458 |
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Author |
Gadhöfer, R.; Krüger, K.; Zanger, M. |
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Title |
Der Bockhuf – Entstehung, Verlauf und Therapie |
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2021 |
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Xenophon Verlag |
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Wald |
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13: 978-3956250125 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6652 |
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Gadhöfer, R.; Krüger, K.; Zanger, M. |
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Title |
Der Bockhuf – Entstehung, Verlauf und Therapie |
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2021 |
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Xenophon Verlag |
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Wald |
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978-3956250125 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6656 |
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Author |
Galaverni, M.; Palumbo, D.; Fabbri, E.; Caniglia, R.; Greco, C.; Randi, E. |
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Monitoring wolves (Canis lupus) by non-invasive genetics and camera trapping: A small-scale pilot study |
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2012 |
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Eur J Wildl Res |
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58 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Galaverni2012 |
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6479 |
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