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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6602 |
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| Author |
Cerasoli, F.; Podaliri Vulpiani, M.; Saluti, G.; Conte, A.; Ricci, M.; Savini, G.; D'Alterio, N. |
| Title |
Assessment of Welfare in Groups of Horses with Different Management, Environments and Activities by Measuring Cortisol in Horsehair, Using Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Hybrid Orbitrap High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry |
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2022 |
Publication |
Animals |
Abbreviated Journal |
Animals |
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12 |
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14 |
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| Keywords |
cortisol; animal welfare; horse; Lc-Hrms/Ms |
| Abstract |
Horses have always been animals used for companionship, work, transportation, and performance purposes over the history of humanity; there are different ways of managing horses, but studies on how horse welfare is influenced by different activities and managements are scanty. Understanding how the management, the environment, and the different uses of horses can affect the level of stress and well-being is important not only for people associated with horses. Three groups of horses with different management, environments, and activities were selected: (1) stabled horses ridden frequently, (2) horses that perform public order service under the Italian state police, and (3) free-ranging horses. Cortisol analysis was carried out on horsehair samples using liquid chromatography coupled to hybrid orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS), a laboratory technique used for the first time to quantify horsehair cortisol. The selection of horses to be included in the three groups was carried out by including only subjects with positive welfare assessment in accordance with the horse welfare assessment protocol (AWIN). These analyses demonstrated that the cortisol levels detected in the horsehair of free-ranging animals were significantly higher compared to those detected in stabled and working horses. These results may have been a consequence of complex environmental, managerial, and behavioral factors, which should be worth further investigation |
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Animals |
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12 |
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14 |
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2076-2615 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6674 |
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| Author |
Krueger., K.; Farmer, K. |
| Title |
Social learning in Horses: Differs from individual learning only in the learning stimulus and not in the learning mechanisms |
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Abstract |
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2018 |
Publication |
14th Meeting of the Internatinoal Society for Equitation Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
14th Meeting ISES |
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| Keywords |
horse; individual learning; learning mechanisms; learning stimuli; social learning |
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Equine welfare can be enhanced by applying species specific training. This may incorporate social learning, as horses are highly social and social stimuli are of primary importance. Social learning is comparable to individual learning in its learning mechanisms, differing primarily in the way it is stimulated. Our initial study showed that horses of different breeds (N = 38) follow humans after observing other horses doing so, but only if the observed horse was familiar to and higher ranking than the observer (Fisher's exact test: N = 12, P = 0.003). A second study showed that horses and ponies (N = 25) learned to pull a rope to open a feeding apparatus after observing demonstrations by conspecifics, again, only if the demonstrating horse was older and higher ranking than the observer (Fisher's combination test, N = 3, v2 = 27.71, p = 0.006). Our third approach showed that horses and ponies (N = 24) learned to press a switch to open a feeding apparatus after observing a familiar person (GzLM: N = 24, z = 2.33, P = 0.02). Most recently, we confronted horses and ponies (N = 50) with persons demonstrating different techniques for opening a feeding apparatus. In this study we investigated whether the horses would copy the demonstrators' techniques or apply their own. Here only some horses copied the technique, and most of the successful learners used their mouths irrespective of the demonstrators' postures (Chi Square Test: N = 40, df = 2, χ2 = 31.4, p < 0.001). In all the approaches social stimuli elicited learning processes in the test horses, while only a few individuals in the control groups mastered the tasks by individual learning. The following behaviour observed in the initial study may have been facilitated by a social stimuli (social facilitation), and the opening of the feed boxes in the subsequent studies appear to be mostly the result of enhancement (social enhancement). Some horses may have used the social stimuli at first and continued their learning process by individual trial and error. However, the horses were also selective in whom and some in how to copy. This may have been conditioned (socially conditioned) or the result of simple forms of reasoning on the reliability of the particular information provided by demonstrators of certain social ranks or social positions, as high ranking and familiar horses and familiar persons were copied and some imitated exactly.
Lay person message: Traditional riding instructions suggest that horses learn by observing other horses. For example, older, more experienced driving horses are used for initial training of young driving horses. We have shown that horses indeed use learning stimuli provided by other horse, as well as by humans. Horses readily accept stimuli observed in high ranking and familiar horses, and familiar persons. Such stimuli elicit learning processes which are comparable to individual learning. We suggest applying social learning whenever possible, as it is much faster and less stressful than individual learning, where learners experience negative outcomes in trial and error learning. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6405 |
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| Author |
Kruska, D. |
| Title |
Mammalian domestication and its effect on brain structure and behavior |
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Book Chapter |
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1988 |
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Intelligence and Evolutionary Biology |
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Springer-Verlag |
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New York |
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Jerison, H.J.; Jerison, I. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Kruska1988 |
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6232 |
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Clutton-Brock, J. |
| Title |
Origins of the dog: domestication and early history |
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Book Chapter |
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1995 |
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The Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behaviour and Interactions with People |
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Cambridge University Press |
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Cambridge |
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Serpell, J.A. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Clutton-Brock1995 |
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6247 |
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de Jong, T.R.; Neumann, I.D. |
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Oxytocin and Aggression |
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Book Chapter |
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2018 |
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Behavioral Pharmacology of Neuropeptides: Oxytocin |
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175-192 |
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The neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) has a solid reputation as a facilitator of social interactions such as parental and pair bonding, trust, and empathy. The many results supporting a pro-social role of OT have generated the hypothesis that impairments in the endogenous OT system may lead to antisocial behavior, most notably social withdrawal or pathological aggression. If this is indeed the case, administration of exogenous OT could be the “serenic” treatment that psychiatrists have for decades been searching for. |
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Springer International Publishing |
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Cham |
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Hurlemann, R.; Grinevich, V. |
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978-3-319-63739-6 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ de Jong2018 |
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6424 |
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Van Horik, J.; Clayton, N.; Emery, N. |
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Convergent evolution of cognition in Corvids, Apes and other animals |
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2012 |
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Oxford Handbook of Comparative Evolutionary Psychology |
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Oxford University Press |
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New York |
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Vonk, J.; Shackelford, T. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Van Horik2012 |
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6284 |
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Zeder, M.A. |
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Pathways to animal domestication |
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2011 |
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Harlan II: Biodiversity in Agriculture: Domestication, Evolution, and Sustainability |
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University of California |
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Davis |
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Damania, A.; Gepts, P. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Zeder2011 |
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6316 |
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Boitani, L. |
| Title |
Patterns of homesites attendance in two Minnesota wolf packs |
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Book Chapter |
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1982 |
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Wolves of the World: Perspectives of Behavior, Ecology and Conservation |
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Noyes, Park Ridge |
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New York |
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Harrington, F.H.; Paquet, P.C. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Boitani1982 |
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6474 |
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| Author |
McGreevy, P.; Yeates, J. |
| Title |
Horses (Equus caballus) |
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Book Chapter |
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2018 |
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Companion Animal Care and Welfare |
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animal company; behavioural signs; diseases; domestic horses; euthanasia; human interaction; nutritional requirements |
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Summary Domestic horses are equid members of the class Mammalia, order Perissodactyla, and family Equidae. Horses are obligate herbivores, with nutritional requirements as listed in a table. Adequate space is necessary for exercise, exploration, flight, sharing resources, play, and rolling. Company is essential for all horses, including stallions. Company provides opportunities for mutual grooming and play and allows horses to stand head-to-tail to remove flies. Unhandled horses may respond to humans as they would to predators, whereas handled horses' responses depend on their previous interactions with humans. Horses can suffer from several diseases as listed in another table. The best method of euthanasia of horses is usually sedation followed by either cranial shooting or the injection of an overdose of pentobarbitone into the jugular vein. Behavioural signs of distress can include increased locomotory activity, vigilance behaviours, neighing, snorting, pawing, nibbling walls and buckets, defaecation, rearing, kicking stable walls or doors, and high-stepping 'prancing'. |
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Wiley Online Books |
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Companion Animal Care and Welfare |
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9781119333708 |
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doi:10.1002/9781119333708.ch13 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6506 |
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