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| Author |
Hiby, E.F.; Rooney, N.J.; Bradshaw, J.W.S. |
| Title |
Dog training methods: their use, effectiveness and interaction with behaviour and welfare |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Animal Welfare |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Welf. |
| Volume |
13 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
63-69 |
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| Abstract |
Historically, pet dogs were trained using mainly negative reinforcement or punishment, but positive reinforcement using rewards has recently become more popular. The methods used may have different impacts on the dogs� welfare. We distributed a questionnaire to 364 dog owners in order to examine the relative effectiveness of different training methods and their effects upon a pet dog�s behaviour. When asked how they trained their dog on seven basic tasks, 66% reported using vocal punishment, 12% used physical punishment, 60% praise (social reward), 51% food rewards and 11% play. The owner�s ratings for their dog�s obedience during eight tasks correlated positively with the number of tasks which they trained using rewards (P<0.01), but not using punishment (P=0.5). When asked whether their dog exhibited any of 16 common problematic behaviours, the number of problems reported by the owners correlated with the number of tasks for which their dog was trained using punishment (P<0.001), but not using rewards (P=0.17). Exhibition of problematic behaviours may be indicative of compromised welfare, because such behaviours can be caused byor result ina state of anxiety and may lead to a dog being relinquished or abandoned. Because punishment was associated with an increased incidence of problematic behaviours, we conclude that it may represent a welfare concern without concurrent benefits in obedience. We suggest that positive training methods may be more useful to the pet-owning community. |
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0962-7286 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Hiby:2004:0962-7286:63 |
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6433 |
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| Author |
Podsakoff, P.M.; MacKenzie, S. B.; Lee, J.-Y.; Podsakoff, N. P. |
| Title |
Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Journal of Applied Psychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Appl. Psychol. |
| Volume |
85 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
879-903 |
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| Abstract |
Interest in the problem of method biases has a long history in the behavioral sciences. Despite this, a comprehensive summary of the potential sources of method biases and how to control for them does not exist. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to examine the extent to which method biases influence behavioral research results, identify potential sources of method biases, discuss the cognitive processes through which method biases influence responses to measures, evaluate the many different procedural and statistical techniques that can be used to control method biases, and provide recommendations for how to select appropriate procedural and statistical remedies for different types of research settings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
$11.95 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6435 |
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| Author |
Marr, I.; Farmer, K.; Krueger, K. |
| Title |
Evidence for Right-Sided Horses Being More Optimistic than Left-Sided Horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2018 |
Publication |
Animals |
Abbreviated Journal |
Animals |
| Volume |
8 |
Issue |
12 |
Pages |
219 |
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| Abstract |
An individual's positive or negative perspective when judging an ambiguous stimulus (cognitive bias) can be helpful when assessing animal welfare. Emotionality, as expressed in approach or withdrawal behaviour, is linked to brain asymmetry. The predisposition to process information in the left or right brain hemisphere is displayed in motor laterality. The quality of the information being processed is indicated by the sensory laterality. Consequently, it would be quicker and more repeatable to use motor or sensory laterality to evaluate cognitive bias than to perform the conventional judgment bias test. Therefore, the relationship between cognitive bias and motor or sensory laterality was tested. The horses (n = 17) were trained in a discrimination task involving a box that was placed in either a “positive” or “negative” location. To test for cognitive bias, the box was then placed in the middle, between the trained positive and negative location, in an ambiguous location, and the latency to approach the box was evaluated. Results indicated that horses that were more likely to use the right forelimb when moving off from a standing position were more likely to approach the ambiguous box with a shorter latency (generalized linear mixed model, p < 0.01), and therefore displayed a positive cognitive bias (optimistic). |
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2076-2615 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ ani8120219 |
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6439 |
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| Author |
Grönemann, K. |
| Title |
Konfliktfeld Pferd und Wolf – Eine Untersuchung zu Einstellungen, Erwartungen und Befürchtungen von Pferdehaltern und Reitsportlern in Niedersachsen |
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Manuscript |
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2015 |
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Master's thesis |
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University Hildesheim |
Place of Publication |
Hildesheim |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6440 |
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Passilongo, D.; Marchetto, M.; Apollonio, M. |
| Title |
Singing in a wolf chorus: structure and complexity of a multicomponent acoustic behaviour |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Hystrix, the Italian Journal of Mammalogy |
Abbreviated Journal |
Hysterix |
| Volume |
28 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
180-185 |
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Wolf choruses ( Canis lupus ) are complex, multicomponent signals, composed by a series of different vocalizations emitted by a pack. Although howls, the main component, have been highly studied, poor attention has been drawn upon the other vocalizations of the chorus. In this study, we investigate the structure of the chorus by means of the analysis and the quantification of the different components, taking advantage both of the digital sound recording and analysis, and of the modern statistical methodologies. We provide for the first time a detailed, objective description of the types of call emitted during the wolf howlings, combining spectrographic examinations, spectral analyses and automated classifications, with the aim to identify different types of call. Our results show that wolf choruses have a rich, complex structure, that reveals six other types of call, to be added to those howls already described in literature. Wolf choruses are typically composed by other three different types of calls: the bark, i.e. relatively long calls characterized by low frequencies and the presence of harsh components (deterministic chaos); the whimper, characterized by a harmonic structure and a very short duration; and the growl, a call with a noisy structure, low frequencies but relative long duration. Although further investigations are necessary to understand the meaning of the different calls, this research provides a basis for those studies that aim to compare wolves and other canids vocal behaviour. |
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0394-1914 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Passilongo2017 |
Serial |
6441 |
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Passilongo, D.; Mattioli, L.; Bassi, E.; Szabó, L.; Apollonio, M. |
| Title |
Visualizing sound: counting wolves by using a spectral view of the chorus howling |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2015 |
Publication |
Frontiers in Zoology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Front. Zool. |
| Volume |
12 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
22 |
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Monitoring large carnivores is a central issue in conservation biology. The wolf (Canis lupus) is the most studied large carnivore in the world. After a massive decline and several local extinctions, mostly due to direct persecutions, wolves are now recolonizing many areas of their historical natural range. One of the main monitoring techniques is the howling survey, which is based on the wolves' tendency to use vocalisations to mark territory ownership in response to howls of unknown individuals. In most cases wolf howling sessions are useful for the localisation of the pack, but they provide only an aural estimation of the chorus size. |
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1742-9994 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Passilongo2015 |
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6498 |
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| Author |
Crowell-Davis, S.L. |
| Title |
Nursing behaviour and maternal aggression among Welsh ponies (Equus caballus) |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1985 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl Anim Behav Sci |
| Volume |
14 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
11-25 |
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Nursing behaviour and related aggression of mare-foal pairs was studied from birth (n = 21) to 24 weeks of age (n = 15) of the foal. Foals exhibited a decreasing length and frequency of nursing as they grew older. Mares rarely aggressed against their foals during nursing in the foal's first 4 weeks of life, but did so increasingly through Weeks 13-16, after which the rate of aggression during nursing decreased. Mares terminated nursing primarily by moving away, and were most likely to do so during the foal's first 4 weeks of life. They became gradually less likely to do so as the foal grew older. It was concluded that mares sometimes flex their hind limb on the side opposite the foal during nursing in order to conserve energy in a situation in which they would be remaining still anyway. There was no difference between colts and fillies in the frequency or duration of nursing or in the frequency with which their mothers aggressed against them or terminated nursing. |
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0168-1591 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6504 |
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| Author |
Crowell-Davis, S.L. |
| Title |
Spatial relations between mares and foals of the Welsh pony (Equus caballus) |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1986 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim Beh |
| Volume |
34 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
1007-1015 |
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Welsh pony mares and foals (Equus caballus) were usually found to be within 1 or 5 m of each other during the first week of the foal's life and gradually spent more time at greater distances as the foals became older. There was an overall levelling of the trend during the 9th-15th weeks of life of the foal, followed by a second period of change during weeks 16-24. Through weeks 21-24, mares and foals spent at least half of their time within 5 m of each other. Proximity was primarily due to foal activity except during foal recumbency. During the first 8 weeks of the foal's life, a mare remained close by when it was recumbent, either by grazing in a circle around it or by standing upright beside it. Mares and foals were most likely to be close together when they were resting upright with the other ponies in the herd and most likely to be far apart when the foal was playing. Similarities in patterns of spatial relationship between the foals of a given mare were demonstrated. There was no difference between colts and filies in the development of independence. |
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0003-3472 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6505 |
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Amodio, P.; Boeckle, M.; Schnell, A.K.; Ostojic, L.; Fiorito, G.; Clayton, N.S. |
| Title |
Grow Smart and Die Young: Why Did Cephalopods Evolve Intelligence? |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2018 |
Publication |
Trends in Ecology & Evolution |
Abbreviated Journal |
Trends. Ecol. Evol. |
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Intelligence in large-brained vertebrates might have evolved through independent, yet similar processes based on comparable socioecological pressures and slow life histories. This convergent evolutionary route, however, cannot explain why cephalopods developed large brains and flexible behavioural repertoires: cephalopods have fast life histories and live in simple social environments. Here, we suggest that the loss of the external shell in cephalopods (i) caused a dramatic increase in predatory pressure, which in turn prevented the emergence of slow life histories, and (ii) allowed the exploitation of novel challenging niches, thus favouring the emergence of intelligence. By highlighting convergent and divergent aspects between cephalopods and large-brained vertebrates we illustrate how the evolution of intelligence might not be constrained to a single evolutionary route. |
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Elsevier |
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0169-5347 |
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doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2018.10.010 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6508 |
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Plumer, L.; Talvi, T.; Männil, P.; Saarma, U. |
| Title |
Assessing the roles of wolves and dogs in livestock predation with suggestions for mitigating human-wildlife conflict and conservation of wolves |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2018 |
Publication |
Conservation Genetics |
Abbreviated Journal |
Conservat. Genet. |
| Volume |
19 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
665-672 |
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Predation on livestock is a cause of serious and long-lasting conflict between farmers and wildlife, promoting negative public attitudes and endangering conservation of large carnivores. However, while large carnivores, especially the grey wolf (Canis lupus), are often blamed for killing sheep and other farm animals, free-ranging dogs may also act as predators. To develop appropriate measures for livestock protection, reliable methods for identifying predator species are critical. Identification of predators from visual examination of livestock wounds can be ambiguous and genetic analysis is strongly preferable for accurate species determination. To estimate the proportion of wolves and dogs implicated in sheep predation, we developed a sensitive genetic assay to distinguish between wolves and domestic dogs. A total of 183 predator saliva samples collected from killed sheep in Estonia were analysed. The assay identified the predator species in 143 cases (78%). Sheep were most often killed by wolves (81%); however, predation by dogs was substantial (15%). We compared the molecular results with field observations conducted by local environmental officials and recorded some disagreement, with the latter underestimating the role of dogs. As predator saliva samples collected from prey are often of poor quality, we suggest using mitochondrial DNA as a primary tool to maximise the number of successfully analysed samples. We also suggest adopting forensic DNA analysis more widely in livestock predation assessments as a legislative measure since misidentification that is biased against wolves can be counterproductive for conservation by enhancing conflict with society and leading to increased culling and poaching. |
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1572-9737 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Plumer2018 |
Serial |
6509 |
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