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	Author	Smolla, M.; Alem, S.; Chittka, L.; Shultz, S.
	Title	Copy-when-uncertain: bumblebees rely on social information when rewards are highly variable			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2016	Publication	Biology letters	Abbreviated Journal	Biol. Lett.
	Volume	12	Issue	6	Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract	To understand the relative benefits of social and personal information use in foraging decisions, we developed an agent-based model of social learning that predicts social information should be more adaptive where resources are highly variable and personal information where resources vary little. We tested our predictions with bumblebees and found that foragers relied more on social information when resources were variable than when they were not. We then investigated whether socially salient cues are used preferentially over non-social ones in variable environments. Although bees clearly used social cues in highly variable environments, under the same conditions they did not use non-social cues. These results suggest that bumblebees use a 'copy-when-uncertain' strategy.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	6198
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	Author	Becker-Birck, M.; Schmidt, A.; Wulf, M.; Aurich, J.; von der Wense, A.; Möstl, E.; Berz, R.; Aurich, C.
	Title	Cortisol release, heart rate and heart rate variability, and superficial body temperature, in horses lunged either with hyperflexion of the neck or with an extended head and neck position			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2013	Publication	Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	97	Issue	2	Pages	322-330
	Keywords	animal welfare; equitation; stress; training
	Abstract	Bringing the head and neck of ridden horses into a position of hyperflexion is widely used in equestrian sports. In our study, the hypothesis was tested that hyperflexion is an acute stressor for horses. Salivary cortisol concentrations, heart rate, heart rate variability (HRV) and superficial body temperature were determined in horses (n = 16) lunged on two subsequent days. The head and neck of the horse was fixed with side reins in a position allowing forward extension on day A and fixed in hyperflexion on day B. The order of treatments alternated between horses. In response to lunging, cortisol concentration increased (day A from 0.73 ± 0.06 to 1.41 ± 0.13 ng/ml, p < 0.001; day B from 0.68 ± 0.07 to 1.38 ± 0.13 ng/ml, p < 0.001) but did not differ between days A and B. Beat-to-beat (RR) interval decreased in response to lunging on both days. HRV variables standard deviation of RR interval (SDRR) and RMSSD (root mean square of successive RR differences) decreased (p < 0.001) but did not differ between days. In the cranial region of the neck, the difference between maximum and minimum temperature was increased in hyperflexion (p < 0.01). In conclusion, physiological parameters do not indicate an acute stress response to hyperflexion of the head alone in horses lunged at moderate speed and not touched with the whip. However, if hyperflexion is combined with active intervention of a rider, a stressful experience for the horse cannot be excluded.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Blackwell Publishing Ltd	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1439-0396	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	6182
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	Author	Healy, S.D.; Rowe, C.
	Title	Costs and benefits of evolving a larger brain: doubts over the evidence that large brains lead to better cognition			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2013	Publication	Anim Behav	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	86	Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @ Healy2013			Serial	6317
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	Author	Bates, L.A.; Byrne, R.W.
	Title	Creative or created: Using anecdotes to investigate animal cognition			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Methods	Abbreviated Journal	Methods
	Volume	42	Issue	1	Pages	12-21
	Keywords	Anecdote; Creativity; Intelligence; Deception; Innovation; African elephant
	Abstract	In non-human animals, creative behaviour occurs spontaneously only at low frequencies, so is typically missed by standardised observational methods. Experimental approaches have tended to rely overly on paradigms from child development or adult human cognition, which may be inappropriate for species that inhabit very different perceptual worlds and possess quite different motor capacities than humans. The analysis of anecdotes offers a solution to this impasse, provided certain conditions are met. To be reliable, anecdotes must be recorded immediately after observation, and only the records of scientists experienced with the species and the individuals concerned should be used. Even then, interpretation of a single record is always ambiguous, and analysis is feasible only when collation of multiple records shows that a behaviour pattern occurs repeatedly under similar circumstances. This approach has been used successfully to study a number of creative capacities of animals: the distribution, nature and neural correlates of deception across the primate order; the occurrence of teaching in animals; and the neural correlates of several aptitudes--in birds, foraging innovation, and in primates, innovation, social learning and tool-use. Drawing on these approaches, we describe the use of this method to investigate a new problem, the cognition of the African elephant, a species whose sheer size and evolutionary distance from humans renders the conventional methods of comparative psychology of little use. The aim is both to chart the creative cognitive capacities of this species, and to devise appropriate experimental methods to confirm and extend previous findings.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1046-2023	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	also special issue: Neurocognitive Mechanisms of Creativity: A Toolkit			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	6185
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	Author	Nakamura, K.; Takimoto-Inose, A.; Hasegawa, T.
	Title	Cross-modal perception of human emotion in domestic horses (Equus caballus)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2018	Publication	Scientific Reports	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	8	Issue	1	Pages	8660
	Keywords
	Abstract	Humans have domesticated many kinds of animals in their history. Dogs and horses have particularly close relationships with humans as cooperative partners. However, fewer scientific studies have been conducted on cognition in horses compared to dogs. Studies have shown that horses cross-modally distinguish human facial expressions and recognize familiar people, which suggests that they also cross-modally distinguish human emotions. In the present study, we used the expectancy violation method to investigate whether horses cross-modally perceive human emotions. Horses were shown a picture of a human facial expression on a screen, and they then heard a human voice from the speaker before the screen. The emotional values of the visual and auditory stimuli were the same in the congruent condition and different in the incongruent condition. Horses looked at the speaker significantly longer in the incongruent condition than in the congruent condition when they heard their caretaker's voices but not when they heard the stranger voice. In addition, they responded significantly more quickly to the voice in the incongruent condition than in the congruent one. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show that horses cross-modally recognized the emotional states of their caretakers and strangers.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2045-2322	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @ Nakamura2018			Serial	6391
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	Author	Sabou, M.; Bontcheva, K.; Scharl, A.
	Title	Crowdsourcing Research Opportunities: Lessons from Natural Language Processing			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2012	Publication	Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Knowledge Management and Knowledge Technologies	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-18
	Keywords	crowdsourcing, games with a purpose, natural language processing, resource acquisition
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Acm	Place of Publication	New York, NY, USA	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title	i-KNOW '12	Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-4503-1242-4	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @ Sabou:2012:CRO:2362456.2362479			Serial	6436
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	Author	Krösbacher, A. E.
	Title	Das Arabische Vollblut: Eine kontrovers diskutierte Rasse: Was steckt wirklich hinter der Zucht dieser edlen Pferde?			Type	Manuscript
	Year	2008	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis	Bachelor's thesis
	Publisher	University for Veterinarian Medicine Vienna	Place of Publication	Vienna	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	6544
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	Author	Gadhöfer, R.; Krüger, K.; Zanger, M.
	Title	Der Bockhuf – Entstehung, Verlauf und Therapie			Type	Book Whole
	Year	2021	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Xenophon Verlag	Place of Publication	Wald	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	13: 978-3956250125	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	6652
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	Author	Gadhöfer, R.; Krüger, K.; Zanger, M.
	Title	Der Bockhuf – Entstehung, Verlauf und Therapie			Type	Book Whole
	Year	2021	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Xenophon Verlag	Place of Publication	Wald	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-3956250125	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	6656
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	Author	Blatz, S.; Krüger,K.; Zanger, M.
	Title	Der Hufmechanismus – was wir wirklich wissen! Eine historische und fachliche Auseinandersetzung mit der Biomechanik des Hufes			Type	Book Whole
	Year	2018	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	Huf Hufmechanismus Pferd
	Abstract	Der Hufmechanismus – wir alle glauben ihn zu kennen und zu wissen wie er funktioniert. Doch wussten Sie, dass nach über 250 Jahren der Forschung immer noch keine eindeutige Aussage dazu getroffen werden kann, wie der Hufmechanismus genau entsteht, vonstattengeht und wie er bei der Hufbearbeitung berücksichtigt werden muss? Die Ergebnisse von 50 Studien unterstützen die Elastizitätstheorie. Sie beschreibt einen individuellen Hufmechanismus, der von Pferd zu Pferd unterschiedlich und von mannigfaltigen Faktoren abhängig ist. Der Hufmechanismus zeigt sich als ebenso anpassungsfähig wie die Hufform selbst. Daher sollte bei der Hufbearbeitung und beim Beschlag mit Maß und Weitblick die optimale und individuelle Lösung für jedes Pferd gefunden werden.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Xenophon Verlag e.K.	Place of Publication	Wald	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-3-95625-004-0	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	6404
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