Records |
Author |
Whiten, A.; McGrew, W.C. |
Title |
Is this the first portrayal of tool use by a chimp? |
Type |
|
Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
Volume |
409 |
Issue |
6816 |
Pages |
12 |
Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Pan troglodytes/*physiology; Philately |
Abstract |
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Corporate Author |
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Place of Publication |
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Language |
English |
Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0028-0836 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Area |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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Notes |
PMID:11343083 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
739 |
Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Whiten, A.; Goodall, J.; McGrew, W.C.; Nishida, T.; Reynolds, V.; Sugiyama, Y.; Tutin, C.E.; Wrangham, R.W.; Boesch, C. |
Title |
Cultures in chimpanzees |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
Volume |
399 |
Issue |
6737 |
Pages |
682-685 |
Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Cognition; *Culture; Humans; Pan troglodytes/*physiology; Species Specificity |
Abstract |
As an increasing number of field studies of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) have achieved long-term status across Africa, differences in the behavioural repertoires described have become apparent that suggest there is significant cultural variation. Here we present a systematic synthesis of this information from the seven most long-term studies, which together have accumulated 151 years of chimpanzee observation. This comprehensive analysis reveals patterns of variation that are far more extensive than have previously been documented for any animal species except humans. We find that 39 different behaviour patterns, including tool usage, grooming and courtship behaviours, are customary or habitual in some communities but are absent in others where ecological explanations have been discounted. Among mammalian and avian species, cultural variation has previously been identified only for single behaviour patterns, such as the local dialects of song-birds. The extensive, multiple variations now documented for chimpanzees are thus without parallel. Moreover, the combined repertoire of these behaviour patterns in each chimpanzee community is itself highly distinctive, a phenomenon characteristic of human cultures but previously unrecognised in non-human species. |
Address |
Scottish Primate Research Group, School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, UK |
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English |
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Original Title |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0028-0836 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Area |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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Notes |
PMID:10385119 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
742 |
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Author |
Whiten, A. |
Title |
Social complexity and social intelligence |
Type |
Conference Article |
Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Novartis Foundation Symposium |
Abbreviated Journal |
Novartis Found Symp |
Volume |
233 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
185-96; discussion 196-201 |
Keywords |
Animals; Brain/anatomy & histology/*physiology; Humans; *Intelligence/physiology; Learning; Models, Psychological; Primates; *Social Behavior; Social Problems |
Abstract |
When we talk of the 'nature of intelligence', or any other attribute, we may be referring to its essential structure, or to its place in nature, particularly the function it has evolved to serve. Here I examine both, from the perspective of the evolution of intelligence in primates. Over the last 20 years, the Social (or 'Machiavellian') Intelligence Hypothesis has gained empirical support. Its core claim is that the intelligence of primates is primarily an adaptation to the special complexities of primate social life. In addition to this hypothesis about the function of intellect, a secondary claim is that the very structure of intelligence has been moulded to be 'social' in character, an idea that presents a challenge to orthodox views of intelligence as a general-purpose capacity. I shall outline the principal components of social intelligence and the environment of social complexity it engages with. This raises the question of whether domain specificity is an appropriate characterization of social intelligence and its subcomponents, like theory of mind. As a counter-argument to such specificity I consider the hypothesis that great apes exhibit a cluster of advanced cognitive abilities that rest on a shared capacity for second-order mental representation. |
Address |
School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9JU, UK |
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English |
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Series Editor |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
1528-2511 |
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Notes |
PMID:11276903 |
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no |
Call Number |
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Serial |
2084 |
Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Whiten, A.; van Schaik, C.P. |
Title |
The evolution of animal 'cultures' and social intelligence |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci |
Volume |
362 |
Issue |
1480 |
Pages |
603-620 |
Keywords |
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Abstract |
Decades-long field research has flowered into integrative studies that, together with experimental evidence for the requisite social learning capacities, have indicated a reliance on multiple traditions ('cultures') in a small number of species. It is increasingly evident that there is great variation in manifestations of social learning, tradition and culture among species, offering much scope for evolutionary analysis. Social learning has been identified in a range of vertebrate and invertebrate species, yet sustained traditions appear rarer, and the multiple traditions we call cultures are rarer still. Here, we examine relationships between this variation and both social intelligence-sophisticated information processing adapted to the social domain-and encephalization. First, we consider whether culture offers one particular confirmation of the social ('Machiavellian') intelligence hypothesis that certain kinds of social life (here, culture) select for intelligence: 'you need to be smart to sustain culture'. Phylogenetic comparisons, particularly focusing on our own study animals, the great apes, support this, but we also highlight some paradoxes in a broader taxonomic survey. Second, we use intraspecific variation to address the converse hypothesis that 'culture makes you smart', concluding that recent evidence for both chimpanzees and orang-utans support this proposition. |
Address |
Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution, School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9JP, UK |
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English |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0962-8436 |
ISBN |
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Notes |
PMID:17255007 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
729 |
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Author |
Byrne, R.W.; Whiten, A. |
Title |
Tactical deception in primates: the 1990 database |
Type |
Book Whole |
Year |
1990 |
Publication |
Primate Reports |
Abbreviated Journal |
Primate Rep. |
Volume |
27 |
Issue |
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Pages |
1-101 |
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Abstract |
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Address |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
German Primate Center |
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no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6172 |
Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Assersohn, C.; Whiten, A.; Kiwede, Z.T.; Tinka, J.; Karamagi, J. |
Title |
Use of leaves to inspect ectoparasites in wild chimpanzees: a third cultural variant? |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Primates |
Abbreviated Journal |
Primates |
Volume |
45 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
255-258 |
Keywords |
Animals; Animals, Wild/physiology; Ape Diseases/*parasitology; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Ectoparasitic Infestations/parasitology/*veterinary; Female; Grooming/*physiology; Male; Pan troglodytes/*physiology; *Plant Leaves; Protozoa/*isolation & purification; Uganda |
Abstract |
We report 26 cases of using leaves as tools with which wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in the Sonso community, Budongo Forest, Uganda, appeared to inspect objects removed during grooming. Careful removal of potential ectoparasites and delicate lip or manual placement on leaves followed by intense visual examination characterised this behaviour. It appears to be done to judge whether either ingestion or discarding is most appropriate, the former occurring in most cases. This behaviour may represent a third variant of ectoparasite handling, different from those described at Tai and Gombe, yet sharing features with the latter. These two East African techniques may thus have evolved from leaf grooming. |
Address |
Scottish Primate Research Group, School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9JU, Fife, UK |
Corporate Author |
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Place of Publication |
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English |
Summary Language |
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Series Editor |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0032-8332 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Conference |
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Notes |
PMID:15179558 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
733 |
Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Horner, V.; Whiten, A.; Flynn, E.; de Waal, F.B.M. |
Title |
Faithful replication of foraging techniques along cultural transmission chains by chimpanzees and children |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
Volume |
103 |
Issue |
37 |
Pages |
13878-13883 |
Keywords |
Animals; Child, Preschool; Humans; *Imitative Behavior; Pan troglodytes/*psychology |
Abstract |
Observational studies of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) have revealed population-specific differences in behavior, thought to represent cultural variation. Field studies have also reported behaviors indicative of cultural learning, such as close observation of adult skills by infants, and the use of similar foraging techniques within a population over many generations. Although experimental studies have shown that chimpanzees are able to learn complex behaviors by observation, it is unclear how closely these studies simulate the learning environment found in the wild. In the present study we have used a diffusion chain paradigm, whereby a behavior is passed from one individual to the next in a linear sequence in an attempt to simulate intergenerational transmission of a foraging skill. Using a powerful three-group, two-action methodology, we found that alternative methods used to obtain food from a foraging device (“lift door” versus “slide door”) were accurately transmitted along two chains of six and five chimpanzees, respectively, such that the last chimpanzee in the chain used the same method as the original trained model. The fidelity of transmission within each chain is remarkable given that several individuals in the no-model control group were able to discover either method by individual exploration. A comparative study with human children revealed similar results. This study is the first to experimentally demonstrate the linear transmission of alternative foraging techniques by non-human primates. Our results show that chimpanzees have a capacity to sustain local traditions across multiple simulated generations. |
Address |
Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution, School of Psychology, University of St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9JP, United Kingdom |
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English |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0027-8424 |
ISBN |
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Area |
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Conference |
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Notes |
PMID:16938863 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
159 |
Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Bonnie, K.E.; Horner, V.; Whiten, A.; de Waal, F.B.M. |
Title |
Spread of arbitrary conventions among chimpanzees: a controlled experiment |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc Biol Sci |
Volume |
274 |
Issue |
1608 |
Pages |
367-372 |
Keywords |
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Abstract |
Wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) have a rich cultural repertoire--traditions common in some communities are not present in others. The majority of reports describe functional, material traditions, such as tool use. Arbitrary conventions have received far less attention. In the same way that observations of material culture in wild apes led to experiments to confirm social transmission and identify underlying learning mechanisms, experiments investigating how arbitrary habits or conventions arise and spread within a group are also required. The few relevant experimental studies reported thus far have relied on cross-species (i.e. human-ape) interaction offering limited ecological validity, and no study has successfully generated a tradition not involving tool use in an established group. We seeded one of two rewarded alternative endpoints to a complex sequence of behaviour in each of two chimpanzee groups. Each sequence spread in the group in which it was seeded, with many individuals unambiguously adopting the sequence demonstrated by a group member. In one group, the alternative sequence was discovered by a low ranking female, but was not learned by others. Since the action-sequences lacked meaning before the experiment and had no logical connection with reward, chimpanzees must have extracted both the form and benefits of these sequences through observation of others. |
Address |
Living Links, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA. kebonni@emory.edu |
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English |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0962-8452 |
ISBN |
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Area |
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Conference |
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Notes |
PMID:17164200 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
157 |
Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Whiten, A.; Boesch, C. |
Title |
The cultures of chimpanzees |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Scientific American |
Abbreviated Journal |
Sci Am |
Volume |
284 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
60-67 |
Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Culture; Feeding Behavior; Grooming; Hominidae; Humans; Pan troglodytes/*physiology |
Abstract |
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Address |
University of St. Andrews |
Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Language |
English |
Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0036-8733 |
ISBN |
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Notes |
PMID:11132425 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
740 |
Permanent link to this record |