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Author Tomasello, M.; Davis-Dasilva, M.; Camak, L.; Bard, K.
Title Observational learning of tool-use by young chimpanzees Type Journal Article
Year 1987 Publication (up) Abbreviated Journal Human Evolution
Volume 2 Issue 2 Pages 175-183
Keywords Chimpanzees; Observational Learning; Tool-Use
Abstract In the current study two groups of young chimpanzees (4–6 and 8–9 years old) were given a T-bar and a food item that could only be reached by using the T-bar. Experimental subjects were given the opportunity to observe an adult using the stick as a tool to obtain the food; control subjects were exposed to the adult but were given no demonstration. Subjects in the older group did not learn to use the tool. Subjects in the younger group who were exposed to the demonstrator learned to use the stick as a tool much more readily than those who were not. None of the subjects demonstrated an ability to imitatively copy the demonstrator's precise behavioral strategies. More than simple stimulus enhancement was involved, however, since both groups manipulated the T-bar, but only experimental subjects used it in its function as a tool. Our findings complement naturalistic observations in suggesting that chimpanzee tool-use is in some sense «culturally transmitted» — though perhaps not in the same sense as social-conventional behaviors for which precise copying of conspecifics is crucial.
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Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Kluwer Academic Publishers Place of Publication Editor
Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0393-9375 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5915
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Author Tomasello, M.
Title The cultural origins of human cognition. Type Book Whole
Year 1999 Publication (up) Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
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Publisher Harvard University Press Place of Publication Camebridge,MA. Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
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Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5597
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Author Scheider, L.; Kaminski, J.; Call, J.; Tomasello, M.
Title Do domestic dogs interpret pointing as a command? Type Journal Article
Year 2013 Publication (up) Abbreviated Journal Animal Cognition
Volume 16 Issue 3 Pages 361-372
Keywords Communication; Domestic dog; Pointing; Comprehension; Imperative
Abstract Domestic dogs comprehend human gestural communication flexibly, particularly the pointing gesture. Here, we examine whether dogs interpret pointing informatively, that is, as simply providing information, or rather as a command, for example, ordering them to move to a particular location. In the first study a human pointed toward an empty cup. In one manipulation, the dog either knew or did not know that the designated cup was empty (and that the other cup actually contained the food). In another manipulation, the human (as authority) either did or did not remain in the room after pointing. Dogs ignored the human’s gesture if they had better information, irrespective of the authority’s presence. In the second study, we varied the level of authority of the person pointing. Sometimes this person was an adult, and sometimes a young child. Dogs followed children’s pointing just as frequently as they followed adults’ pointing (and ignored the dishonest pointing of both), suggesting that the level of authority did not affect their behavior. Taken together these studies suggest that dogs do not see pointing as an imperative command ordering them to a particular location. It is still not totally clear, however, if they interpret it as informative or in some other way.
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Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Springer-Verlag Place of Publication Editor
Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1435-9448 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5666
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Author Kaminski, J.; Pitsch, A.; Tomasello, M.
Title Dogs steal in the dark Type Journal Article
Year 2013 Publication (up) Abbreviated Journal Animal Cognition
Volume 16 Issue 3 Pages 385-394
Keywords Domestic dog; Social cognition; Perspective taking; Competition
Abstract All current evidence of visual perspective taking in dogs can possibly be explained by dogs reacting to certain stimuli rather than understanding what others see. In the current study, we set up a situation in which contextual information and social cues are in conflict. A human always forbade the dog from taking a piece of food. The part of the room being illuminated was then varied, for example, either the area where the human was seated or the area where the food was located was lit. Results show that dogs steal significantly more food when it is dark compared to when it is light. While stealing forbidden food the dog’s behaviour also depends on the type of illumination in the room. Illumination around the food, but not the human, affected the dogs’ behaviour. This indicates that dogs do not take the sight of the human as a signal to avoid the food. It also cannot be explained by a low-level associative rule of avoiding illuminated food which dogs actually approach faster when they are in private. The current finding therefore raises the possibility that dogs take into account the human’s visual access to the food while making their decision to steal it.
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Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Springer-Verlag Place of Publication Editor
Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1435-9448 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5669
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Author Hare, B.; Rosati, A.; Kaminski, J.; Bräuer, J.; Call, J.; Tomasello, M.
Title The domestication hypothesis for dogs' skills with human communication: a response to Udell et al. (2008) and Wynne et al. (2008) Type Journal Article
Year 2010 Publication (up) Anim Behav Abbreviated Journal
Volume 79 Issue Pages
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Hare2010 Serial 6241
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Author Tomasello, M.; Call, J
Title Books Received Type Journal Article
Year 2001 Publication (up) Animal Behaviour Abbreviated Journal
Volume 61 Issue 1 Pages 269-270
Keywords
Abstract The Alex Studies: Cognitive and Communicative Abilities of Grey

Parrots. By I. M. PEPPERBERG. Cambridge, Massachusetts:

Harvard University Press (1999).
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Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0003-3472 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5446
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Author Melis, A.P.; Hare, B.; Tomasello, M.
Title Engineering cooperation in chimpanzees: tolerance constraints on cooperation Type Journal Article
Year 2006 Publication (up) Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.
Volume 72 Issue 2 Pages 275-286
Keywords
Abstract The cooperative abilities of captive chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, in experiments do not match the sophistication that might be predicted based on their naturally occurring cooperative behaviours. This discrepancy might partly be because in previous experiments potential chimpanzee cooperators were partnered without regard to their social relationship. We investigated the ability of chimpanzee dyads to solve a physical task cooperatively in relation to their interindividual tolerance levels. Pairs that were most capable of sharing food outside the test were also able to cooperate spontaneously (by simultaneously pulling two ropes) to obtain food. In contrast, pairs that were less inclined to share food outside of the test were unlikely to cooperate. Furthermore, previously successful subjects stopped cooperating when paired with a less tolerant partner, even when the food rewards were presented in a dispersed and divisible form to reduce competition between subjects. These results show that although chimpanzees are capable of spontaneous cooperation in a novel instrumental task, tolerance acts as a constraint on their ability to solve such cooperative problems. This finding highlights the importance of controlling such social constraints in future experiments on chimpanzee cooperation, and suggests that the evolution of human-like cooperative skills might have been preceded by the evolution of a more egalitarian social system and a more human-like temperament.
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Publisher Place of Publication Editor
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Notes Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 287
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Author Kaminski, J.; Riedel, J.; Call, J.; Tomasello, M.
Title Domestic goats, Capra hircus, follow gaze direction and use social cues in an object choice task Type Journal Article
Year 2005 Publication (up) Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.
Volume 69 Issue 1 Pages 11-18
Keywords
Abstract Gaze following is a basic social cognitive skill with many potential benefits for animals that live in social groups. At least five primate species are known to follow the gaze of conspecifics, but there have been no studies on gaze following in other mammals. We investigated whether domestic goats can use the gaze direction of a conspecific as a cue to find food. They were able to do this, at a level comparable to that of primates. In a second experiment, we tested goats' ability to use gaze and other communicative cues given by a human in a so-called object choice situation. An experimenter hid food out of sight of the subject under one of two cups. After baiting the cup the experimenter indicated the location of the food to the subject by using different cues. The goats used communicative cues (touching and pointing) but not gaze by itself. Since domestic dogs are very skilled in this task, whereas wolves are not, one hypothesis is that the use of communicative cues in the object choice task is a side-effect of domestication.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 542
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Author Hare, B.; Tomasello, M.
Title Chimpanzees are more skilful in competitive than in cooperative cognitive tasks Type Journal Article
Year 2004 Publication (up) Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.
Volume 68 Issue 3 Pages 571-581
Keywords
Abstract In a series of four experiments, chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, were given two cognitive tasks, an object choice task and a discrimination task (based on location), each in the context of either cooperation or competition. In both tasks chimpanzees performed more skilfully when competing than when cooperating, with some evidence that competition with conspecifics was especially facilitatory in the discrimination location task. This is the first study to demonstrate a facilitative cognitive effect for competition in a single experimental paradigm. We suggest that chimpanzee cognitive evolution is best understood in its socioecological context.
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Publisher Place of Publication Editor
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Notes Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 584
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Author Tomasello, M.; Hare, B.; Agnetta, B.
Title Chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, follow gaze direction geometrically Type Journal Article
Year 1999 Publication (up) Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.
Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages 769-777
Keywords
Abstract Two experiments on chimpanzee gaze following are reported. In the first, chimpanzee subjects watched as a human experimenter looked around various types of barriers. The subjects looked around each of the barriers more when the human had done so than in a control condition (in which the human looked in another direction). In the second experiment, chimpanzees watched as a human looked towards the back of their cage. As they turned to follow the human's gaze a distractor object was presented. The chimpanzees looked at the distractor while still following the human's gaze to the back of the cage. These two experiments effectively disconfirm the low-level model of chimpanzee gaze following in which it is claimed that upon seeing another animate being's gaze direction chimpanzees simply turn in that direction and look around for something interesting. Rather, they support the hypothesis that chimpanzees follow the gaze direction of other animate beings geometrically to specific locations, in much the same way as human infants. The degree to which chimpanzees have a mentalistic interpretation of the gaze and/or visual experience of others is still an open question.
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Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
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Notes Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 587
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