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	Author	Mersmann, D.; Tomasello, M.; Call, J.; Kaminski, J.; Taborsky, M.
	Title	Simple Mechanisms Can Explain Social Learning in Domestic Dogs (Canis familiaris)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2011	Publication	Ethology	Abbreviated Journal	Ethology
	Volume	117	Issue	8	Pages	675-690
	Keywords
	Abstract	Abstract Recent studies have suggested that domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) engage in highly complex forms of social learning. Here, we critically assess the potential mechanisms underlying social learning in dogs using two problem-solving tasks. In a classical detour task, the test dogs benefited from observing a demonstrator walking around a fence to obtain a reward. However, even inexperienced dogs did not show a preference for passing the fence at the same end as the demonstrator. Furthermore, dogs did not need to observe a complete demonstration by a human demonstrator to pass the task. Instead, they were just as successful in solving the problem after seeing a partial demonstration by an object passing by at the end of the fence. In contrast to earlier findings, our results suggest that stimulus enhancement (or affordance learning) might be a powerful social learning mechanism used by dogs to solve such detour problems. In the second task, we examined whether naïve dogs copy actions to solve an instrumental problem. After controlling for stimulus enhancement and other forms of social influence (e.g. social facilitation and observational conditioning), we found that dogs’ problem solving was not influenced by witnessing a skilful demonstrator (either an unknown human, a conspecific or the dog’s owner). Together, these results add to evidence suggesting that social learning may often be explained by relatively simple (but powerful) mechanisms.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Blackwell Publishing Ltd	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1439-0310	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5409
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	Author	Riedel, J.; Buttelmann, D.; Call, J.; Tomasello, M.
	Title	Domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) use a physical marker to locate hidden food			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	9	Issue	1	Pages	27-35
	Keywords	Animals; Cues; Dogs/psychology; Female; Gestures; Humans; Male; Nonverbal Communication; *Recognition (Psychology); Signal Detection (Psychology); Visual Perception
	Abstract	Dogs can use the placement of an arbitrary marker to locate hidden food in an object-choice situation. We tested domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) in three studies aimed at pinning down the relative contributions of the human's hand and the marker itself. We baited one of two cups (outside of the dogs' view) and gave the dog a communicative cue to find the food. Study 1 systematically varied dogs' perceptual access to the marker placing event, so that dogs saw either the whole human, the hand only, the marker only, or nothing. Follow-up trials investigated the effect of removing the marker before the dog's choice. Dogs used the marker as a communicative cue even when it had been removed prior to the dog's choice and attached more importance to this cue than to the hand that placed it although the presence of the hand boosted performance when it appeared together with the marker. Study 2 directly contrasted the importance of the hand and the marker and revealed that the effect of the marker diminished if it had been associated with both cups. In contrast touching both cups with the hand had no effect on performance. Study 3 investigated whether the means of marker placement (intentional or accidental) had an effect on dogs' choices. Results showed that dogs did not differentiate intentional and accidental placing of the marker. These results suggest that dogs use the marker as a genuine communicative cue quite independently from the experimenter's actions.
	Address	Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6 D-04103, Leipzig, Germany. riedel@eva.mpg.de
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15846526			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2488
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	Author	Scheider, L.; Kaminski, J.; Call, J.; Tomasello, M.
	Title	Do domestic dogs interpret pointing as a command?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2013	Publication		Abbreviated Journal	Animal Cognition
	Volume	16	Issue	3	Pages	361-372
	Keywords	Communication; Domestic dog; Pointing; Comprehension; Imperative
	Abstract	Domestic dogs comprehend human gestural communication flexibly, particularly the pointing gesture. Here, we examine whether dogs interpret pointing informatively, that is, as simply providing information, or rather as a command, for example, ordering them to move to a particular location. In the first study a human pointed toward an empty cup. In one manipulation, the dog either knew or did not know that the designated cup was empty (and that the other cup actually contained the food). In another manipulation, the human (as authority) either did or did not remain in the room after pointing. Dogs ignored the human’s gesture if they had better information, irrespective of the authority’s presence. In the second study, we varied the level of authority of the person pointing. Sometimes this person was an adult, and sometimes a young child. Dogs followed children’s pointing just as frequently as they followed adults’ pointing (and ignored the dishonest pointing of both), suggesting that the level of authority did not affect their behavior. Taken together these studies suggest that dogs do not see pointing as an imperative command ordering them to a particular location. It is still not totally clear, however, if they interpret it as informative or in some other way.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Springer-Verlag	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5666
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	Author	Schneider, A.-C.; Melis, A.P.; Tomasello, M.
	Title	How chimpanzees solve collective action problems			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2012	Publication	Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract	We presented small groups of chimpanzees with two collective action situations, in which action was necessary for reward but there was a disincentive for individuals to act owing to the possibility of free-riding on the efforts of others. We found that in simpler scenarios (experiment 1) in which group size was small, there was a positive relationship between rank and action with more dominant individuals volunteering to act more often, particularly when the reward was less dispersed. Social tolerance also seemed to mediate action whereby higher tolerance levels within a group resulted in individuals of lower ranks sometimes acting and appropriating more of the reward. In more complex scenarios, when group size was larger and cooperation was necessary (experiment 2), overcoming the problem was more challenging. There was highly significant variability in the action rates of different individuals as well as between dyads, suggesting success was more greatly influenced by the individual personalities and personal relationships present in the group.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5629
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	Author	Tennie, C.; Call, J.; Tomasello, M.
	Title	Untrained chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) fail to imitate novel actions			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2012	Publication	PLoS One	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	7	Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @ Tennie2012			Serial	6289
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	Author	Tomasello, M.
	Title	Cultural Transmission: A View from Chimpanzees and Human Infants			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	32	Issue	2	Pages	135-146
	Keywords
	Abstract	Human beings are biologically adapted for culture in ways that other primates are not, as evidenced most clearly by the fact that only human cultural traditions accumulate modifications over historical time (the ratchet effect). The key adaptation is one that enables individuals to understand other individuals as intentional agents like the self. This species-unique form of social cognition emerges in human ontogeny at around 1 year of age as infants begin to engage with other persons in various kinds of joint attentional activities involving gaze following, social referencing, and gestural communication. Young children's joint attentional skills then engender some uniquely powerful forms of cultural learning, enabling the acquisition of language, discourse skills, tool use practices, and many other conventional activities. These novel forms of cultural learning allow human beings to pool their cognitive resources both contemporaneously and over historical time in ways that are unique in the animal kingdom.
	Address
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	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes	10.1177/0022022101032002002			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2968
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	Author	Tomasello, M.
	Title	The cultural origins of human cognition.			Type	Book Whole
	Year	1999	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
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	Publisher	Harvard University Press	Place of Publication	Camebridge,MA.	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5597
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	Author	Tomasello, M.
	Title	Do apes ape?			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	1996	Publication	Social learning in animals: the roots of culture	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	319-346
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	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Academic Press	Place of Publication	London	Editor	Heyes, C. M.; Galef, B.G.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5600
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	Author	Tomasello, M.
	Title	Cultural transmission in the tool use and communicatory signalling of chimpanzees?			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	1990	Publication	Language and Intelligence in Monkeys and Apes.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	274-311
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	Publisher	Cambridge University Press	Place of Publication	Cambridge	Editor	Parker,S.T.;Gibson,K.R.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5267
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	Author	Tomasello, M.; Call, J.
	Title	Do chimpanzees know what others see ? or only what they are looking at?			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2006	Publication	Rational Animals?	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	371-384
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	Publisher	Oxford University Press	Place of Publication	Oxford	Editor	Nudds, M.; Hurley, S.
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4094
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