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Author (up) Bates, L.A.; Lee, P.C.; Njiraini, N.; Poole, J.H.; Sayialel, K.; Sayialel, S.; Moss, C.J.; Byrne, R. url  openurl
  Title Do Elephants Show Empathy? Type Journal Article
  Year 2008 Publication Journal of Consciousness Studies Abbreviated Journal J Conscious Stud  
  Volume 15 Issue 10-11 Pages 204-225  
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  Abstract Elephants show a rich social organization and display a number of unusual traits. In this paper, we analyse reports collected over a thirty-five year period, describing behaviour that has the potential to reveal signs of empathic understanding. These include coalition formation, the offering of protection and comfort to others, retrieving and 'babysitting' calves, aiding individuals that would otherwise have difficulty in moving, and removing foreign objects attached to others. These records demonstrate that an elephant is capable of diagnosing animacy and goal directedness, and is able to understand the physical competence, emotional state and intentions of others, when they differ from its own. We argue that an empathic understanding of others is the simplest explanation of these abilities, and discuss reasons why elephants appear to show empathy more than other non-primate species.  
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  Notes Approved yes  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5057  
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Author (up) Bates, L.A.; Sayialel, K.N.; Njiraini, N.W.; Poole, J.H.; Moss, C.J.; Byrne, R.W. doi  openurl
  Title African elephants have expectations about the locations of out-of-sight family members Type Journal Article
  Year 2008 Publication Biology Letters Abbreviated Journal Biol Lett  
  Volume 4 Issue 1 Pages 34-36  
  Keywords elephants, olfaction, urine, individual recognition  
  Abstract Monitoring the location of conspecifics may be important to social mammals. Here, we use an expectancy-violation paradigm to test the ability of African elephants (Loxodonta africana) to keep track of their social companions from olfactory cues. We presented elephants with samples of earth mixed with urine from female conspecifics that were either kin or unrelated to them, and either unexpected or highly predictable at that location. From behavioural measurements of the elephants' reactions, we show that African elephants can recognize up to 17 females and possibly up to 30 family members from cues present in the urine-earth mix, and that they keep track of the location of these individuals in relation to themselves.  
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  Notes Approved yes  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4332  
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Author (up) Moss, C.J.; Poole, J.H. isbn  openurl
  Title Relationships and social structure in African elephants. Type Book Chapter
  Year 1983 Publication Primate social relationships: an integrated approach. Abbreviated Journal  
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  Publisher Blackwell Science Ltd Place of Publication Editor Hinde, R.A.  
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  ISSN ISBN 978-0632009992 Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4426  
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