| Records |
| Author |
Tomkins, L.M.; Williams, K.A.; Thomson, P.C.; McGreevy, P.D. |
| Title |
Sensory Jump Test as a measure of sensory (visual) lateralization in dogs (Canis familiaris) |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Journal of Veterinary Behavior |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
5 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
256-267 |
| Keywords |
sensory lateralization; monocular vision; binocular vision; jump kinematics; dog |
| Abstract |
Sensory lateralization in dogs (n = 74) was investigated in this study using our innovation, the Sensory Jump Test. This required the modification of head halters to create three different ocular treatments (binocular, right, and left monocular vision) for eye preference assessment in a jumping task. Ten jumps were recorded as a jump set for each treatment. Measurements recorded included (i) launch and landing paws, (ii) type of jump, (iii) approach distance, (iv) clearance height of the forepaw, hindpaw, and the lowest part of the body to clear the jump, and (v) whether the jump was successful. Factors significantly associated with these jump outcomes included ocular treatment, jump set number, and replication number. Most notably, in the first jump set, findings indicated a left hemispheric dominance for the initial navigation of the Sensory Jump Test, as left monocular vision (LMV) compromised of jumping more than right monocular (RMV) and binocular vision, with a significantly reduced approach distance and forepaw clearance observed in dogs with LMV. However, by the third jump set, dogs undergoing LMV launched from a greater approach distance and with a higher clearance height, corresponding to an increase in success rate of the jump, in comparison with RMV and binocular vision dogs. A marginally non-significant RMV bias was observed for eye preference based on the laterality indices for approach distance (P = 0.060) and lowest body part clearance height (P = 0.067). A comparison between eye preference and launching or landing paws showed no association between these measures of sensory and motor laterality. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report on sensory lateralization in the dog, and furthermore, to compare both motor and sensory laterality in dogs. |
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1558-7878 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ S1558-7878(10)00019-5 |
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5379 |
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| Author |
Batt, L.S.; Batt, M.S.; Baguley, J.A.; McGreevy, P.D. |
| Title |
The relationships between motor lateralization, salivary cortisol concentrations and behavior in dogs |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2009 |
Publication |
Journal of Veterinary Behaviour |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
4 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
216-222 |
| Keywords |
Dog; temperament; motor lateralization; cortisol; behavior; cortisol EIA |
| Abstract |
The degree of lateralization (LI) indicates both the direction and strength of a paw preference. Here, a positive value is indicative of a right paw bias, and a negative value of a left paw bias. Higher numbers on the positive side of the scale and lower numbers on the negative side of the scale indicate a greater strength of that lateralization. The strength of motor lateralization (|LI|) is the absolute value of the LI. The use of absolute value removes directionality (i.e., does not indicate left or right paw bias) and instead indicates only the strength of the paw preference. Both LI and |LI| have been associated with behavioral differences in a range of species. The assessment of motor lateralization in the dog can be conducted by observing the paw used to perform motor tasks. Elevated cortisol concentrations have been associated with fearfulness in many species. Additionally, fearfulness and boldness can be assessed in response to so-called temperament tests. Consequently, in this study we examine the relationship between lateralization, temperament test results, and cortisol concentrations in 43 potential guide dogs, of which 38 were Labrador retrievers and 5 were golden retrievers. Over a 14-month period, the current study assessed motor lateralization and salivary cortisol concentrations 3 times (approximately 6 months of age, 14 months of age, and after the dogs' performance in the guide dog program had been determined) and behavior twice (approximately 6 and 14 months of age). This study is the first to examine the relationship between behavior, lateralization, and cortisol concentrations in dogs. It implemented an objective and quantifiable assessment of behavior that may be of use to a variety of dog-focused stakeholders. Findings show that during the Juvenile testing period (6 months of age), dogs with higher cortisol concentrations were typically less able to rest when exposed to the unfamiliar testing room. Results from both Juvenile and Adult Test (14 months of age) periods showed that a greater |LI| and LI were associated with more confident and relaxed behavior when dogs were exposed to novel stimuli and unfamiliar environments. Significant elevations of cortisol concentrations were found at the completion of guide dog training when compared with results from the 2 prior test periods. This finding may reflect maturation or the effect of the prolonged kenneling which occurred during this period. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ S1558-7878(09)00017-3 |
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5383 |
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McGreevy, P.D.; Oddie, C.; Burton, F.L.; McLean, A.N. |
| Title |
The horse–human dyad: Can we align horse training and handling activities with the equid social ethogram? |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2009 |
Publication |
The Veterinary Journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Special Issue: Equitation Science |
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181 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
12-18 |
| Keywords |
Horse training; Social inter- and intra-specific communication; Learning; Counter–predator behaviour |
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This article examines the recently completed equid ethogram and shows how analogues of social interactions between horses may occur in various human–horse interactions. It discusses how some specific horse–horse interactions have a corresponding horse–human interaction – some of which may be directly beneficial for the horse while others may be unusual or even abnormal. It also shows how correspondent behaviours sometimes become inappropriate because of their duration, consistency or context. One analogue is unlikely to hold true for all horse–human contexts, so when applying any model from horse–horse interactions to human–horse interactions, the limitations of the model may eclipse the intended outcome of the intervention. These limitations are especially likely when the horse is being ridden. Such analyses may help to determine the validity of extrapolating intra-specific interactions to the inter-specific setting, as is advocated by some popular horse-training methods, and highlight the subsequent limitations where humans play the role of the ‘alpha mare’ or leader in horse handling and training. This examination provides a constructive framework for further informed debate and empirical investigation of the critical features of successful intra-specific interactions. |
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1090-0233 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5729 |
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McGreevy, P.D.; McLean, A.N. |
| Title |
Punishment in horse-training and the concept of ethical equitation |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2009 |
Publication |
Journal of Veterinary Behavior |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Vet. Behav. |
| Volume |
4 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
193-197 |
| Keywords |
conditioning; welfare; ethical equitation; horse; punishment; training |
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By definition, punishment makes a response less likely in the future. Because horses are largely trained by negative reinforcement, they are susceptible to inadvertent punishment. Delays in the release of pressure can make desirable responses less likely and thus punish them. This study examines the correct use of negative reinforcement and identifies a continuum between poorly timed negative reinforcement and punishment. It explores some of the problems of non-contingent punishment and the prospect of learned helplessness and experimental neurosis. It concludes by introducing the concept of ethical equitation. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6599 |
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Warren-Smith, A.K.; McGreevy, P.D. |
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Preliminary investigations into the ethological relevance of round-pen (round-yard) training of horses |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science |
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11 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
285-298 |
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Recently, training horses within round-pens has increased in popularity. Practitioners often maintain that the responses they elicit from horses are similar to signals used with senior conspecifics. To audit the responses of horses to conspecifics, 6 mare-young-horse dyads, this study introduced them to each other in a round-pen and videoed them for 8 min. These dyads spent significantly more time farther than 10 m apart than they did less than 1 m apart (p < .001). The time they spent less than 1 m apart decreased over the 8-min test period (p = .018). Mares occupied the center of the round-pen and chased youngsters for 0.73% of the test period (p < .001). Mares made all agonistic approaches (p < .001), and youngsters (p = .018) made all investigative approaches. Head lowering and licking-and-chewing were exhibited most when the youngsters were facing away from the mares (p < .001). The frequency of head lowering increased during the test period (p = .027), whereas the frequency of licking-and-chewing did not change. The results bring into question the popular interpretation and ethological relevance of equine responses commonly described in round-pen training and show that mares did not condition young horses to remain in close proximity to them. |
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Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia |
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Cited By (since 1996): 1; Export Date: 13 November 2008; Source: Scopus |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4657 |
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McGreevy, P.D. |
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Book Whole |
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2004 |
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Equine Behavior: A Guide for Veterinarians and Equine Scientists |
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Cited By (since 1996): 25; Export Date: 21 October 2008 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4530 |
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McGreevy, P.D.; McLean, A.N.; Warren-Smith, A.K.; Waran, N.; Goodwin, D. |
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Defining the terms and processes associated with equitation |
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2005 |
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Proceedings of the First International Equitation Science Symposium |
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10-43 |
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Cited By (since 1996): 6; Export Date: 24 October 2008 |
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Admin @ knut @ |
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4616 |
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Hartmann, E.; Christensen, J.W.; McGreevy, P.D. |
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Dominance and leadership: Useful concepts in human-horse interactions? |
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Journal of Equine Veterinary Science |
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Journal of Equine Veterinary Science |
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Dominance hierarchies in horses primarily influence priority access to limited resources of any kind, resulting in predictable contest outcomes that potentially minimize aggressive encounters and associated risk of injury. Levels of aggression in group-kept horses under domestic conditions have been reported to be higher than in their feral counterparts but can often be attributed to sub-optimal management. Horse owners often express concerns about the risk of injuries occurring in group-kept horses but these concerns have not been substantiated by empirical investigations. What has not yet been sufficiently addressed are human safety aspects related to approaching and handling group-kept horses. Given horses? natural tendency to synchronize activity to promote group cohesion, questions remain about how group dynamics influence human-horse interactions. Group dynamics influence a variety of management scenarios, ranging from taking a horse out of its social group to the prospect of humans mimicking the horse?s social system by taking a putative leadership role and seeking after an alpha position in the dominance hierarchy to achieve compliance. Yet, there is considerable debate about whether the roles horses attain in their social group are of any relevance in their reactions to humans. This article reviews the empirical data on social dynamics in horses, focusing on dominance and leadership theories and the merits of incorporating those concepts into the human-horse context. This will provide a constructive framework for informed debate and valuable guidance for owners managing group-kept horses and for optimizing human-horse interactions. |
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Elsevier |
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0737-0806 |
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doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.01.015 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6048 |
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McGreevy, P.D.; Harman, A.; McLean, A.; Hawson, L. |
| Title |
Over-flexing the horse's neck: A modern equestrian obsession? |
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Journal Article |
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2010 |
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Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research |
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Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research |
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5 |
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4 |
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180-186 |
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We used an opportunistic review of photographs of different adult and juvenile horses walking, trotting, and cantering (n = 828) to compare the angle of the nasal plane relative to vertical in feral and domestic horses at liberty (n = 450) with ridden horses advertised in a popular Australian horse magazine (n = 378). We assumed that horses in advertisements were shown at, what was perceived by the vendors to be, their best. Of the ridden horses, 68% had their nasal plane behind the vertical. The mean angle of the unridden horses at walk, trot, and canter (30.7 ± 11.5; 27.3 ± 12.0; 25.5 ± 11.0) was significantly greater than those of the ridden horses (1.4 ± 14.1; ?5.1 ± ?11.1; 3.1 ± 15.4, P < 0.001). Surprisingly, unridden domestic horses showed greater angles than feral horses or domestic horses at liberty. We compared adult and juvenile horses in all 3 gaits and found no significant difference. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that the longitudinal neck flexion of the degree desirable by popular opinion in ridden horses is not a common feature of unridden horses moving naturally. Moreover, they suggest that advertised horses in our series are generally being ridden at odds with their natural carriage and contrary to the international rules of dressage (as published by the International Equestrian Federation). These findings are discussed against the backdrop of the established doctrine, which states that carrying a rider necessitates changes in longitudinal flexion, and in the context of the current debate around hyperflexion. |
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Elsevier |
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1558-7878 |
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doi: 10.1016/j.jveb.2010.03.004 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6501 |
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Goodwin, D.; McGreevy, P.D.; Heleski, C.; Randle, H.; Waran, N. |
| Title |
Equitation science: The application of science in equitation |
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Journal Article |
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2008 |
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Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science |
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11 |
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3 |
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185-190 |
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School of Natural Sciences, Unitec, New Zealand |
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Export Date: 13 November 2008; Source: Scopus |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4656 |
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