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| Author | Clarke, J.V.; Nicol, C.J.; Jones, R.; McGreevy, P.D. | ||||
| Title | Effects of observational learning on food selection in horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 50 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 177-184 |
| Keywords | Horse; Observational learning; Food discrimination | ||||
Abstract  |
Fourteen riding horses of mixed age and breed were randomly allocated to observer and control treatments. An additional horse was pre-trained as a demonstrator to walk the 13.8 m length of the test arena and select one of two food buckets using colour and pattern cues. Observer horses were exposed to correct performances of the task by the trained demonstrator, for 20 trials held over 2 days. Control horses were subjected to the same handling and placement procedures as the observer horses but without exposure to the behaviour of the demonstrator. The third day for all subjects was designated as a test day. Each subject was released individually in a predetermined place in the arena, and the latency to walk the length of the test arena to the food buckets, the latency to feed, the identity of the bucket approached and the identity of the bucket selected were recorded on ten consecutive trials. During tests both food buckets contained food to minimize the possibility of individual trial and error learning. On the first trial the mean latency to approach the goal area was 18 s for observer horses, compared with 119 s for control horses (t = 2.8, d.f. = 12, P < 0.01) and the mean latency to eat was 35 s for observer horses, compared with 181 s for control horses (t = 4.86, d.f. = 11, P < 0.001). However, observer horses were no more likely to choose the demonstrated bucket than control horses on the first trial. Twelve of the 14 horses decreased their latency to approach the goal area during the series of ten trials, but there were no significant changes in the buckets selected. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 563 | ||
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| Author | Warren-Smith, A.K.; Greetham, L.; McGreevy, P.D. | ||||
| Title | Behavioral and physiological responses of horses (Equus caballus) to head lowering | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 2 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 59-67 |
| Keywords | behavior; head lowering; heart rate; horse; training | ||||
| Abstract |
Horse trainers often report that lowering the height of a horse's head so the poll is below the height of the withers can induce a calming effect during training. Four groups of horses were used in a 2-part study to investigate the behavioral and physiological effects of head lowering in horses. In Part 1, Group A had no experimental stimuli applied and horses in Group B were trained to lower their heads when presented with a specific stimulus by the handler. The stimulus for head lowering was the application of downward pressure on the headcollar via the lead rope until the horse lowered its head such that its lips were approximately at mid-cannon (third metacarpal) height, whereupon the pressure was released. The stimulus was applied again if the horse raised its head during the 300-second test period. In Part 2, Groups C and D were aroused until their heart rates exceeded 100 beats per minute (bpm). Group C had no further experimental stimuli applied whereas Group D lowered their heads as a response to the above stimulus for a period of 300 seconds. Repeated measures analysis showed that there was no difference between the heart rate of Groups A and B or Groups C and D but that the heart rate of Groups A and B were lower than Groups C and D during the 300-second post-arousal (P < 0.001). The horses in Groups A and B were more likely to contact the handler (P < 0.001), exhibit licking and chewing (P < 0.001), rest a hindleg (P < 0.001), and sniff the ground (P < 0.001) than those in Groups C and D. The number of stimuli required to maintain the head in a lowered position was greatest during the first 30 seconds (P = 0.012 and P < 0.001, Parts 1 and 2, respectively). The current study has shown that head lowering in horses does not influence cardiac responses, even after the horses had been aroused to have their heart rates above 100 bpm. Therefore, it is not a method that will aid in calming an aroused horse in training. Contrary to popular belief, there was no association with licking-and-chewing and head lowering, nor with these behaviors and response acquisition. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4201 | ||
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| Author | Tomkins, L.M.; McGreevy, P.D.; Branson, N.J. | ||||
| Title | Lack of standardization in reporting motor laterality in the domestic dog (Canis familiaris) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | Journal of Veterinary Behaviour | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 5 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 235-239 |
| Keywords | dog; motor laterality; lateralization; paw preference; standardization | ||||
| Abstract |
Over the past 2 decades, numerous studies have been undertaken to assess motor laterality in the domestic dog. In anticipation of growth in this area of enquiry, we decided to review the literature on canine motor biases to identify any shortcomings, reflect on the lessons to be learned from and offer ways forward for future research into canine laterality. The aim of this review is to (i) summarize motor laterality findings in the dog, (ii) highlight areas lacking in standardization, and (iii) propose necessary criteria for future tests and global reporting protocols. Our review of the literature highlighted the lack of standardization between studies in task selection, sample size, number of behavior scores recorded, and the methods by which motor laterality were classified and reported. This review illustrates the benefits of standardizing methods of motor laterality assessment so that comparisons can be made between the populations sampled. By adopting such an approach, researchers should mutually benefit as motor laterality data could then be compared and subjected to meta-analysis. | ||||
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| ISSN | 1558-7878 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ S1558-7878(10)00038-9 | Serial | 5378 | ||
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| Author | Warren-Smith, A.K.; McGreevy, P.D. | ||||
| Title | Preliminary investigations into the ethological relevance of round-pen (round-yard) training of horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 11 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 285-298 |
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Recently, training horses within round-pens has increased in popularity. Practitioners often maintain that the responses they elicit from horses are similar to signals used with senior conspecifics. To audit the responses of horses to conspecifics, 6 mare-young-horse dyads, this study introduced them to each other in a round-pen and videoed them for 8 min. These dyads spent significantly more time farther than 10 m apart than they did less than 1 m apart (p < .001). The time they spent less than 1 m apart decreased over the 8-min test period (p = .018). Mares occupied the center of the round-pen and chased youngsters for 0.73% of the test period (p < .001). Mares made all agonistic approaches (p < .001), and youngsters (p = .018) made all investigative approaches. Head lowering and licking-and-chewing were exhibited most when the youngsters were facing away from the mares (p < .001). The frequency of head lowering increased during the test period (p = .027), whereas the frequency of licking-and-chewing did not change. The results bring into question the popular interpretation and ethological relevance of equine responses commonly described in round-pen training and show that mares did not condition young horses to remain in close proximity to them. | ||||
| Address | Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia | ||||
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| Notes | Cited By (since 1996): 1; Export Date: 13 November 2008; Source: Scopus | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4657 | ||
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| Author | Tomkins, L.M.; Williams, K.A.; Thomson, P.C.; McGreevy, P.D. | ||||
| Title | Sensory Jump Test as a measure of sensory (visual) lateralization in dogs (Canis familiaris) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | Journal of Veterinary Behavior | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 5 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 256-267 |
| Keywords | sensory lateralization; monocular vision; binocular vision; jump kinematics; dog | ||||
| Abstract |
Sensory lateralization in dogs (n = 74) was investigated in this study using our innovation, the Sensory Jump Test. This required the modification of head halters to create three different ocular treatments (binocular, right, and left monocular vision) for eye preference assessment in a jumping task. Ten jumps were recorded as a jump set for each treatment. Measurements recorded included (i) launch and landing paws, (ii) type of jump, (iii) approach distance, (iv) clearance height of the forepaw, hindpaw, and the lowest part of the body to clear the jump, and (v) whether the jump was successful. Factors significantly associated with these jump outcomes included ocular treatment, jump set number, and replication number. Most notably, in the first jump set, findings indicated a left hemispheric dominance for the initial navigation of the Sensory Jump Test, as left monocular vision (LMV) compromised of jumping more than right monocular (RMV) and binocular vision, with a significantly reduced approach distance and forepaw clearance observed in dogs with LMV. However, by the third jump set, dogs undergoing LMV launched from a greater approach distance and with a higher clearance height, corresponding to an increase in success rate of the jump, in comparison with RMV and binocular vision dogs. A marginally non-significant RMV bias was observed for eye preference based on the laterality indices for approach distance (P = 0.060) and lowest body part clearance height (P = 0.067). A comparison between eye preference and launching or landing paws showed no association between these measures of sensory and motor laterality. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report on sensory lateralization in the dog, and furthermore, to compare both motor and sensory laterality in dogs. | ||||
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| ISSN | 1558-7878 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ S1558-7878(10)00019-5 | Serial | 5379 | ||
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| Author | McGreevy, P.D.; French, N.P.; Nicol, C.J. | ||||
| Title | The prevalence of abnormal behaviours in dressage, eventing and endurance horses in relation to stabling | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1995 | Publication | The Veterinary record | Abbreviated Journal | Vet. Rec. |
| Volume | 137 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 36-37 |
| Keywords | Animal Husbandry/*methods; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Horse Diseases/*psychology; Horses; *Physical Conditioning, Animal; Prevalence; Questionnaires; *Stereotyped Behavior | ||||
| Abstract |
The behaviour of horses competing in different disciplines was studied and the relationship between the time they spent out of the stable and the prevalence of abnormal behaviour was examined. The owners of dressage, eventing and endurance horses were sent a questionnaire and a total of 1101 responses were received, giving data on 1750 horses. The behaviours studied were wood-chewing, weaving, crib-biting/wind-sucking and box-walking. The reported percentage prevalences of abnormal behaviour for the dressage, eventing and endurance horses were 32.5, 30.8 and 19.5, respectively. The relationship between the time spent in the stable and the prevalence of abnormal behaviour was examined by chi 2 tests which showed that there were significant linear trends for the eventing group (P < 0.001) and the dressage group (P < 0.05). It is concluded that the time a horse spends out of the stable is related to the discipline for which it is being trained and in dressage and eventing horses the time spent in a stable is correlated with an increased risk of abnormal behaviour. | ||||
| Address | University of Bristol, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Langford | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0042-4900 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:8525580 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 89 | ||
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| Author | Batt, L.S.; Batt, M.S.; Baguley, J.A.; McGreevy, P.D. | ||||
| Title | The relationships between motor lateralization, salivary cortisol concentrations and behavior in dogs | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2009 | Publication | Journal of Veterinary Behaviour | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 4 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 216-222 |
| Keywords | Dog; temperament; motor lateralization; cortisol; behavior; cortisol EIA | ||||
| Abstract |
The degree of lateralization (LI) indicates both the direction and strength of a paw preference. Here, a positive value is indicative of a right paw bias, and a negative value of a left paw bias. Higher numbers on the positive side of the scale and lower numbers on the negative side of the scale indicate a greater strength of that lateralization. The strength of motor lateralization (|LI|) is the absolute value of the LI. The use of absolute value removes directionality (i.e., does not indicate left or right paw bias) and instead indicates only the strength of the paw preference. Both LI and |LI| have been associated with behavioral differences in a range of species. The assessment of motor lateralization in the dog can be conducted by observing the paw used to perform motor tasks. Elevated cortisol concentrations have been associated with fearfulness in many species. Additionally, fearfulness and boldness can be assessed in response to so-called temperament tests. Consequently, in this study we examine the relationship between lateralization, temperament test results, and cortisol concentrations in 43 potential guide dogs, of which 38 were Labrador retrievers and 5 were golden retrievers. Over a 14-month period, the current study assessed motor lateralization and salivary cortisol concentrations 3 times (approximately 6 months of age, 14 months of age, and after the dogs' performance in the guide dog program had been determined) and behavior twice (approximately 6 and 14 months of age). This study is the first to examine the relationship between behavior, lateralization, and cortisol concentrations in dogs. It implemented an objective and quantifiable assessment of behavior that may be of use to a variety of dog-focused stakeholders. Findings show that during the Juvenile testing period (6 months of age), dogs with higher cortisol concentrations were typically less able to rest when exposed to the unfamiliar testing room. Results from both Juvenile and Adult Test (14 months of age) periods showed that a greater |LI| and LI were associated with more confident and relaxed behavior when dogs were exposed to novel stimuli and unfamiliar environments. Significant elevations of cortisol concentrations were found at the completion of guide dog training when compared with results from the 2 prior test periods. This finding may reflect maturation or the effect of the prolonged kenneling which occurred during this period. | ||||
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| ISSN | 1558-7878 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ S1558-7878(09)00017-3 | Serial | 5383 | ||
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| Author | McGreevy, P.D. | ||||
| Title | Development and Resolution of Behavioural Problems with the | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | Publication | Havemeier Workshop | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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| Abstract |
The ideals of equestrian technique combine art and science. Therefore students of equitation encounter measurable variables such as rhythm, tempo and impulsion alongside more ethereal ones such as outline and harmony. This mixture accounts for many of the idiosyncrasies of equestrianism including the subjective scoring of performance in dressage tests, the elusiveness of perfection even at an elite level of competition and the difficulty of expressing equestrian technique in empirical terms (Roberts, 1992). This chapter will describe and offer examples of the unwelcome behavioural responses horses produce under saddle. Two broad sections are then proposed to allow the reader to consider unwelcome behavioural responses caused directly by humans as distinct from those attributable more to the horse than the rider. Ultimately the responsibility for problems in the ridden horse lies with humans since we have undertaken the domestication and exploitation of equids. Therefore it is accepted that the dichotomy is not absolute. The chapter closes with a |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 471 | ||
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| Author | McGreevy, P.D. | ||||
| Title | The advent of equitation science | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | The Veterinary Journal | Abbreviated Journal | Vet J |
| Volume | 174 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 492-500 |
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| Abstract |
The lengthy association of humans with horses has established traditional equestrian techniques that have served military and transport needs well. Although effective, these techniques have by-passed the research findings of modern psychologists, who developed the fundamentals of learning theory. That said, the pools of equestrian debate are far from stagnant. The latest wave of horse whisperers has offered some refinements and some novel interpretations of the motivation of horses undergoing training. Additionally, the Federation Equestre Internationale (FEI) has introduced the concept of the 'happy equine athlete' and, in the light of the hyperflexion (Rollkur) debate, recently examined the possible effects of some novel dressage modalities on equine 'happiness'. However, many still question the welfare of the ridden horse since it is largely trained using negative reinforcement, has to respond to pressure-based signals and is seldom asked to work for positive rewards. Science holds tremendous promise for removing emotiveness from the horse-riding welfare debate by establishing how much rein tension is too much; how much contact is neutral; how contact can be measured; how discomfort can be measured; how pain can be measured; and how learned helplessness manifests in horses. These are some of the topics addressed by equitation science, an emerging discipline that combines learning theory, physics and ethology to examine the salience and efficacy of horse-training techniques. | ||||
| Address | Faculty of Veterinary Science, Gunn Building (B19), University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1090-0233 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:17157542 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3709 | ||
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| Author | McGreevy, P.D.; Nicol, C.J. | ||||
| Title | The effect of short-term prevention on the subsequent rate of crib-biting in thoroughbred horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Equine veterinary journal. Supplement | Abbreviated Journal | Equine Vet J Suppl |
| Volume | Issue | 27 | Pages | 30-34 | |
| Keywords | Analysis of Variance; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Horse Diseases/*prevention & control/psychology; Horses; Male; Recurrence; *Stereotyped Behavior; Videotape Recording | ||||
| Abstract |
The results of an experimental study of the motivational consequences of short-term prevention of crib-biting are reported here. Eight test horses wore a cribbing collar for 24 h. This was effective in preventing crib-biting in 6 subjects. Using analysis of co-variance that accounted for baseline differences in crib-biting rate, test horses showed significantly more crib-biting than control horses on the first day after prevention (P < 0.05). There was also a highly significant increase in the crib-biting rate of test horses on the first day after prevention in comparison with their baseline rate (P < 0.01). This defines the increase as a post inhibitory rebound. An increase in the novelty of the cribbing bar and an increase in feeding motivation during the period of prevention are rejected as explanations of the rebound in this study. Instead, it is suggested that the rebound reflected a rise in internal motivation to crib-bite during the period of prevention. Behaviours that exhibit this pattern of motivation are generally considered functional; and it has been argued that their prevention may compromise welfare. | ||||
| Address | Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, UK | ||||
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| Notes | PMID:10485001 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 88 | ||
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