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Author |
Martins, A.P.; Miller, R.M.; Capaldi, E.J. |
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Title |
Memories and anticipations control responding by rats (Rattus norvegicus) in a Pavlovian procedure |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
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Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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In Experiment 1 each rat received two different fixed series of three trials each. The unconditioned stimulus occurred on Trial 1 of one series and on Trial 3 of the other series, all other trials being nonreinforced. Previous Pavlovian investigations have shown that rats can remember the immediately prior reward outcome and anticipate the immediately subsequent reward outcome. Experiment 1 demonstrated that rats could remember and anticipate even more remote reward outcomes. In Experiment 2 two groups received a series of two nonrewarded trials followed by a rewarded trial. It was demonstrated that a change in the conditioned stimulus (CS) from Trial 2 to Trial 3, which occurred in one group, produced weaker responding than in the other group that did not experience such CS change. On the basis of these findings it was suggested that the rats organized the trials of a series into a unit or chunk. This was concluded for two reasons. First, remembering and anticipating remote reward outcomes strongly suggests that responding is being controlled by events extending beyond the current trial. Secondly, the experimental manipulations employed in the Pavlovian situation here are similar to those used in prior human learning and animal instrumental learning investigations concerned with chunking. Thus, it would appear that chunking is a ubiquitous phenomenon appearing in human serial learning (e.g., Bower and Winzenz 1969; Crowder 1976), in animal instrumental learning (e.g., Capaldi 1992; Hulse and Dorsky 1977; Terrace 1987), and now in Pavlovian learning. |
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Department of Psychological Sciences, School of Liberal Arts, Purdue University, 703 Third Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2081, USA, julie@psych.purdue.edu |
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1435-9448 |
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PMID:17437140 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2404 |
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Deutsche Reiterliche Vereinigung e.V. (FN); Miesner,Susanne; Putz, Michael; Plewa ,Martin |
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Richtlinien für Reiten und Fahren – Band 1 |
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2005 |
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Grundausbildung für Reiter und Pferd |
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Dieses Standardwerk vermittelt das Grundwissen für die Ausbildung des Reiters und des Pferdes nach den Grundsätzen der klassischen Reitkunst. Die hier beschriebene Grundausbildung dient dabei nicht ausschließlich der Vorbereitung für Turniere und Leistungsprüfungen, sie soll vielmehr die Voraussetzungen für alle pferdesportlichen Betätigungen schaffen. |
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Fn-Verlag |
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Warendorf |
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German |
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978-3-88542-262-4 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4400 |
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Author |
Martin, P.; Bateson P. |
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Title |
Measuring Behaviour – An Introductory Guide |
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2007 |
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Cambridge University Press |
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Cambridge |
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Third Edition |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5402 |
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Author |
Houpt, K.A.; Law, K.; Martinisi, V. |
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Title |
Dominance hierarchies in domestic horses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1978 |
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Applied Animal Ethology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Animal. Ethol. |
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4 |
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3 |
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273-283 |
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Dominance hierarchies were studied in 11 herds of domestic horses and ponies (Equus caballus). A paired feeding test was utilized to establish the dominance--subordination relationship between each pair of animals in a herd. Aggressive actions, threats, bites, kicks and chases were also recorded. In small herds linear hierarchies were formed, but in large herds triangular relationships were observed. Aggression was correlated with dominance rank. Body weight, but not age, appear to affect rank in the equine hierarchy. Juvenile horses were more likely to share feed with each other than were adult horses and were usually subordinate to adult horses. The daughters of a dominant mare were dominant within their own herds. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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682 |
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Uller, C.; Jaeger, R.; Guidry, G.; Martin, C. |
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Title |
Salamanders ( Plethodon cinereus) go for more: rudiments of number in an amphibian |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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6 |
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2 |
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105-112 |
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Animals; *Cognition; Discrimination Learning; Female; Male; Mathematics; *Urodela |
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Techniques traditionally used in developmental research with infants have been widely used with nonhuman primates in the investigation of comparative cognitive abilities. Recently, researchers have shown that human infants and monkeys select the larger of two numerosities in a spontaneous forced-choice discrimination task. Here we adopt the same method to assess in a series of experiments spontaneous choice of the larger of two numerosities in a species of amphibian, red-backed salamanders ( Plethodon cinereus). The findings indicate that salamanders “go for more,” just like human babies and monkeys. This rudimentary capacity is a type of numerical discrimination that is spontaneously present in this amphibian. |
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Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504-3772, USA. uller@louisiana.edu |
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1435-9448 |
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PMID:12709845 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2575 |
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Author |
Martin, T.I.; Zentall, T.R. |
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Title |
Post-choice information processing by pigeons |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Animal cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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8 |
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4 |
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273-278 |
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Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Choice Behavior; *Columbidae; Discrimination Learning |
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In a conditional discrimination (matching-to-sample), a sample is followed by two comparison stimuli, one of which is correct, depending on the sample. Evidence from previous research suggests that if the stimulus display is maintained following an incorrect response (the so-called penalty-time procedure), acquisition by pigeons is facilitated. The present research tested the hypothesis that the penalty-time procedure allows the pigeons to review and learn from the maintained stimulus display following an incorrect choice. It did so by including a penalty-time group for which, following an incorrect choice, the sample changed to match the incorrect comparison, thus providing the pigeons with post-choice 'misinformation.' This misinformation group acquired the matching task significantly slower than the standard penalty-time group (that had no change in the sample following an error). Furthermore, acquisition of matching by a control group that received no penalty time fell midway between the other two groups, suggesting that the pigeons did not merely take more care in making choices because of the aversiveness of penalty-time. Thus, it appears that in the acquisition of matching-to-sample, when the stimulus display is maintained following an incorrect choice, the pigeons can review or acquire information from the display. This is the first time that such an effect has been reported for a nonhuman species. |
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Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA |
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1435-9448 |
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PMID:15744507 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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225 |
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Lacreuse, A.; Martin-Malivel, J.; Lange, H.S.; Herndon, J.G. |
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Title |
Effects of the menstrual cycle on looking preferences for faces in female rhesus monkeys |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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10 |
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2 |
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105-115 |
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Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Discrimination Learning; Estradiol/blood; *Face; Female; Humans; Macaca mulatta/*physiology; Male; Menstrual Cycle/blood/*physiology; *Pattern Recognition, Visual |
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Fluctuations of ovarian hormones across the menstrual cycle influence a variety of social and cognitive behaviors in primates. For example, female rhesus monkeys exhibit heightened interest for males and increased agonistic interactions with other females during periods of high estrogen levels. In the present study, we hypothesized that females' preference for males during periods of high estrogen levels is also expressed at the level of face perception. We tested four intact females on two face-tasks involving neutral portraits of male and female rhesus monkeys, chimpanzees and humans. In the visual preference task (VP), monkeys had to touch a button to view a face image. The image remained on the screen as long as the button was touched, and the duration of pressing was taken as an index of the monkey's looking time for the face stimulus. In the Face-Delayed Recognition Span Test (Face-DRST), monkeys were rewarded for touching the new face in an increasing number of serially presented faces. Monkeys were tested 5 days a week across one menstrual cycle. Blood was collected every other day for analysis of estradiol and progesterone. Two of the four females were cycling at the time of testing. We did not find an influence of the cycle on Face-DRST, likely due to a floor effect. In the VP however, the two cycling individuals looked longer at conspecific male faces than female faces during the peri-ovulatory period of the cycle. Such effects were absent for human and chimpanzee faces and for the two noncycling subjects. These data suggest that ovarian hormones may influence females' preferences for specific faces, with heightened preference for male faces during the peri-ovulatory period of the cycle. Heightened interest for stimuli of significant reproductive relevance during periods of high conception risk may help guide social and sexual behavior in the rhesus monkey. |
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Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Tobin Hall, 135 Hicks Way, Amherst, MA 01003, USA. alacreuse@psych.umass.edu |
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1435-9448 |
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PMID:16909232 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2452 |
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Solmsen, E.-H.; Bathen, M.; Grüntjens, T.; Hempel, E.; Klose, M.; Krüger, K.; Martin, H.; Meyer, A.; Schütte, P.; Vogel, L.; Wiezorek, S.; Wittor, B. |
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Title |
Protecting horses against wolves in Germany |
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2021 |
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Carnivore Damage Prevention News |
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CPDnews |
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23 |
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12-19 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6661 |
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Solmsen, E. - H.; Bathen, M.; Grüntjens, T.; Hempel, E.; Klose, M.; Krüger, K.; Martin, H.; Meyer, A.; Schütte, P.; Vogel, L.; Wiezorek, S.; Wittor, B. |
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Protecting horses against wolves in Germany. |
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2021 |
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Carnivore Damage Prevention News |
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CDPNews |
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23 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6682 |
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Voigtlaender-Schnabel, S.; Vogel, L.; Greiner, B.; Wiezorek, S.; Schuette, P.; Solmsen, E.-H.; Martin; H.; Hempel, E.; Gruentjens, T.; Bathen, M.; Herold, P.; Krueger, K. |
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Reactions of horses to wildlife and livestock guarding dogs |
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2022 |
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Carnivore Damage Prevention News |
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CDPNews |
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24 |
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49-58 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6668 |
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