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Author |
Martins, A.P.; Miller, R.M.; Capaldi, E.J. |
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Title |
Memories and anticipations control responding by rats (Rattus norvegicus) in a Pavlovian procedure |
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Journal Article |
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2007 |
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Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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In Experiment 1 each rat received two different fixed series of three trials each. The unconditioned stimulus occurred on Trial 1 of one series and on Trial 3 of the other series, all other trials being nonreinforced. Previous Pavlovian investigations have shown that rats can remember the immediately prior reward outcome and anticipate the immediately subsequent reward outcome. Experiment 1 demonstrated that rats could remember and anticipate even more remote reward outcomes. In Experiment 2 two groups received a series of two nonrewarded trials followed by a rewarded trial. It was demonstrated that a change in the conditioned stimulus (CS) from Trial 2 to Trial 3, which occurred in one group, produced weaker responding than in the other group that did not experience such CS change. On the basis of these findings it was suggested that the rats organized the trials of a series into a unit or chunk. This was concluded for two reasons. First, remembering and anticipating remote reward outcomes strongly suggests that responding is being controlled by events extending beyond the current trial. Secondly, the experimental manipulations employed in the Pavlovian situation here are similar to those used in prior human learning and animal instrumental learning investigations concerned with chunking. Thus, it would appear that chunking is a ubiquitous phenomenon appearing in human serial learning (e.g., Bower and Winzenz 1969; Crowder 1976), in animal instrumental learning (e.g., Capaldi 1992; Hulse and Dorsky 1977; Terrace 1987), and now in Pavlovian learning. |
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Department of Psychological Sciences, School of Liberal Arts, Purdue University, 703 Third Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2081, USA, julie@psych.purdue.edu |
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1435-9448 |
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PMID:17437140 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2404 |
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Deutsche Reiterliche Vereinigung e.V. (FN); Miesner,Susanne; Putz, Michael; Plewa ,Martin |
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Richtlinien für Reiten und Fahren – Band 1 |
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2005 |
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Grundausbildung für Reiter und Pferd |
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Dieses Standardwerk vermittelt das Grundwissen für die Ausbildung des Reiters und des Pferdes nach den Grundsätzen der klassischen Reitkunst. Die hier beschriebene Grundausbildung dient dabei nicht ausschließlich der Vorbereitung für Turniere und Leistungsprüfungen, sie soll vielmehr die Voraussetzungen für alle pferdesportlichen Betätigungen schaffen. |
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Fn-Verlag |
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Warendorf |
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German |
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978-3-88542-262-4 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4400 |
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Martin, P.; Bateson P. |
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Measuring Behaviour – An Introductory Guide |
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2007 |
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Cambridge University Press |
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Cambridge |
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Third Edition |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5402 |
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Solmsen, E. - H.; Bathen, M.; Grüntjens, T.; Hempel, E.; Klose, M.; Krüger, K.; Martin, H.; Meyer, A.; Schütte, P.; Vogel, L.; Wiezorek, S.; Wittor, B. |
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Protecting horses against wolves in Germany. |
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2021 |
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Carnivore Damage Prevention News |
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CDPNews |
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23 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6682 |
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Solmsen, E.-H.; Bathen, M.; Grüntjens, T.; Hempel, E.; Klose, M.; Krüger, K.; Martin, H.; Meyer, A.; Schütte, P.; Vogel, L.; Wiezorek, S.; Wittor, B. |
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Protecting horses against wolves in Germany |
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Journal Article |
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2021 |
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Carnivore Damage Prevention News |
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CPDnews |
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23 |
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12-19 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6661 |
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Gutierrez Rincon, J.A.; Vives Turco, J.; Muro Martinez, I.; Casas Vaque, I. |
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Title |
A comparative study of the metabolic effort expended by horse riders during a jumping competition |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1992 |
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British Journal of Sports Medicine |
Abbreviated Journal |
Br J Sports Med |
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26 |
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1 |
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33-35 |
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Keywords |
Adult; Animals; Energy Metabolism/*physiology; *Exertion; Heart Rate/physiology; Horses; Humans; Lactates/blood; *Sports |
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The three main Olympic horse riding disciplines are dressage, jumping, and three-day eventing (including dressage, cross country and jumping). In the jumping discipline (obstacle race), the 'team' (horse rider) is judged under the different conditions that might take place in a varied run. The horse is expected to show power and ability; the rider must show riding skill and good physical condition. However, the different conditions encountered by the rider during competition (duration of event, continuous isometric working level, especially in the inferior trunk, lead us to consider the need for a rider to develop different metabolic pathways to meet the high energy requirements of the competition. |
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Centre de Medicina de l'Esport de Barcelona, Spain |
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0306-3674 |
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PMID:1600451 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3754 |
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Voigtlaender-Schnabel, S.; Vogel, L.; Greiner, B.; Wiezorek, S.; Schuette, P.; Solmsen, E.-H.; Martin; H.; Hempel, E.; Gruentjens, T.; Bathen, M.; Herold, P.; Krueger, K. |
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Reactions of horses to wildlife and livestock guarding dogs |
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2022 |
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Carnivore Damage Prevention News |
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CDPNews |
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24 |
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49-58 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6668 |
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Lacreuse, A.; Martin-Malivel, J.; Lange, H.S.; Herndon, J.G. |
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Effects of the menstrual cycle on looking preferences for faces in female rhesus monkeys |
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Journal Article |
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2007 |
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Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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10 |
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2 |
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105-115 |
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Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Discrimination Learning; Estradiol/blood; *Face; Female; Humans; Macaca mulatta/*physiology; Male; Menstrual Cycle/blood/*physiology; *Pattern Recognition, Visual |
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Fluctuations of ovarian hormones across the menstrual cycle influence a variety of social and cognitive behaviors in primates. For example, female rhesus monkeys exhibit heightened interest for males and increased agonistic interactions with other females during periods of high estrogen levels. In the present study, we hypothesized that females' preference for males during periods of high estrogen levels is also expressed at the level of face perception. We tested four intact females on two face-tasks involving neutral portraits of male and female rhesus monkeys, chimpanzees and humans. In the visual preference task (VP), monkeys had to touch a button to view a face image. The image remained on the screen as long as the button was touched, and the duration of pressing was taken as an index of the monkey's looking time for the face stimulus. In the Face-Delayed Recognition Span Test (Face-DRST), monkeys were rewarded for touching the new face in an increasing number of serially presented faces. Monkeys were tested 5 days a week across one menstrual cycle. Blood was collected every other day for analysis of estradiol and progesterone. Two of the four females were cycling at the time of testing. We did not find an influence of the cycle on Face-DRST, likely due to a floor effect. In the VP however, the two cycling individuals looked longer at conspecific male faces than female faces during the peri-ovulatory period of the cycle. Such effects were absent for human and chimpanzee faces and for the two noncycling subjects. These data suggest that ovarian hormones may influence females' preferences for specific faces, with heightened preference for male faces during the peri-ovulatory period of the cycle. Heightened interest for stimuli of significant reproductive relevance during periods of high conception risk may help guide social and sexual behavior in the rhesus monkey. |
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Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Tobin Hall, 135 Hicks Way, Amherst, MA 01003, USA. alacreuse@psych.umass.edu |
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1435-9448 |
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PMID:16909232 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2452 |
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Uller, C.; Jaeger, R.; Guidry, G.; Martin, C. |
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Salamanders ( Plethodon cinereus) go for more: rudiments of number in an amphibian |
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2003 |
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Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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6 |
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2 |
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105-112 |
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Animals; *Cognition; Discrimination Learning; Female; Male; Mathematics; *Urodela |
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Techniques traditionally used in developmental research with infants have been widely used with nonhuman primates in the investigation of comparative cognitive abilities. Recently, researchers have shown that human infants and monkeys select the larger of two numerosities in a spontaneous forced-choice discrimination task. Here we adopt the same method to assess in a series of experiments spontaneous choice of the larger of two numerosities in a species of amphibian, red-backed salamanders ( Plethodon cinereus). The findings indicate that salamanders “go for more,” just like human babies and monkeys. This rudimentary capacity is a type of numerical discrimination that is spontaneously present in this amphibian. |
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Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504-3772, USA. uller@louisiana.edu |
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1435-9448 |
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PMID:12709845 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2575 |
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Lloyd, A.S.; Martin, J.E.; Bornett-Gauci, H.L.I.; Wilkinson, R.G. |
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Evaluation of a novel method of horse personality assessment: Rater-agreement and links to behaviour |
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2007 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
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Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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105 |
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1-3 |
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205-222 |
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Personality; Horse; Individual differences; Behaviour; Reliability |
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The efficacy of questionnaire-based personality assessment has been shown in a variety of animal and human personality studies. There has been a recent increase in questionnaire-based studies focussing on equine personality but with a lack of comparability to studies on other species. The aim of this study was to test the reliability of an assessment method originally developed for primates and demonstrate reliability using three criteria (1) assessments by independent observers must agree with one another, (2) these assessments must predict behaviours and real-world outcomes and (3) observer ratings must be shown to reflect genuine attributes of the individuals rated, not merely the observer's implicit personality theories about how traits co-vary. The personality of 61 horses (Equus caballus) was assessed using a questionnaire constructed of 30 behaviourally defined adjectives (BDAs). Horses were each assessed by three judges, in addition to a total of 2 h behaviour observations recorded per horse. Rater agreement was demonstrated for 72.1% of the horses and 25 of the BDAs. Principal component analysis was carried out on the rating data and revealed six underlying personality components that were labelled “dominance”, “anxiousness”, “excitability”, “protection”, “sociability” and “inquisitiveness”. Component scores for horses were correlated against behavioural observations for the same horses and revealed significant correlations with 20 of the recorded behaviour variables. Correlations between specific components and their associated behaviours were logical and consistent with the types of behaviours that would be expected to be linked with such personality types. The data were shown to meet all three criteria and provided strong evidence that the assessment method was reliably measuring horse personality. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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1981 |
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