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Author |
Krueger, K.; Hollenhorst, H.; Schuetz, A.; Weil, S. |
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Title |
Social learning and innovative learning in horses. |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2015 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the 3. International Equine Science Meeting |
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3 |
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Publisher |
Xenophon Publishing |
Place of Publication |
Wald |
Editor |
K. Krueger |
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ISBN  |
978-3-95625-000-2 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5956 |
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Author |
Wolter, R.; Krueger, K. |
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Title |
The analysis of social bonds in feral horses |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2015 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the 3. International Equine Science Meeting |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 3. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
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Keywords |
social bonds, grooming, nearest neighborhood, rank |
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Abstract |
In many social mammals, individuals preferentially affiliate with a small subset of available partners instead of distributing their social behaviors equally among all group members. The resulting social bonds have been investigated in several mammalian taxa, especially in primate societies, but also in other taxa such as birds, dolphins, rodents and ungulates. In feral horses, a great number of studies on social bonds can be found, but with a huge variety between methods for the analysis. There seems to be a lack of a clear and common definition of social bonds in horses and of comparable analyses. For example, there are irregularities between the studies regarding the research designs, the selection of recording methods and the interpretation of the measurements. Mutual grooming is used most often for the analysis of social relationships in many species. As mutual grooming is rare in horses, especially measurements of spatial proximity are commonly used for the analysis of social bonds in addition to other behavioral patterns. However, the combination of mutual grooming and nearest neighborhood analyses for the analysis of social bond is debatable, as in contrast to mutual grooming, which must occur deliberately by both grooming partners, the spatial distribution can be influenced by one partner alone, which may even force the other horse to keep a certain distance or to stay in close proximity.
In this study, we investigated the comparability of mutual grooming and nearest neighborhood data for social bond analyses in feral horses. Therefore, we observed five groups of semi-wild living Przewalski’s horses and six groups of feral horses.
We analysed the horses’ social ranks by applying an Average Dominance Index, we recorded the distances between the animals and observed the number of mutual grooming events as well as friendly approaches.
Our results show that there was only a weak correlation between the frequency of staying in nearest neighborhood and mutual grooming in all observed horse groups. In contrast to this, the correlation between the number of friendly approaches and mutual grooming events was higher in most groups.
Hierarchies did not affect social bonds, as mutual grooming was similarly induced by higher and lower ranking animals and the social rank did not affect the choice of the grooming partner. Similarly, likelihoods of staying in the neighborhood of particular animals were not affected by the animals’ social rank.
The grooming frequencies differed between the different horse groups and between the individual horses living in the particular groups. They seem to be effected by individual predisposition.
Altogether we suggest that the ratio of mutual grooming seems to be a better indicator for social bonds in feral horses than the frequency of staying in the nearest neighborhood. Mutual grooming occurs deliberately and is bidirectional, whereas nearest neighborhoods could be enforced and unidirectional. For the calculation of social bonds in horses, we consider it to be more reliable to combine the frequency of mutual grooming with the frequency of friendly approaches. |
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Corporate Author |
Wolter, R. |
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978-3-95625-000-2 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5882 |
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Author |
Hollenhorst, H.; Weil, S.; Krueger, K. |
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Title |
Innovative behavour in horses (Equus caballus) |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2015 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the 3. International Equine Science Meeting |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 3. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
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Keywords |
innovative behavior, age, housing system, horse (Equus caballus) |
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Abstract |
Contrary to the widely-spread assumption that horses just have restricted cognitive capacities and are not very flexible in their behaviors, we showed that horses display innovative behavior and even make use of tools (Krueger 2015, Krueger et al. 2015). These findings derive from a database (http://innovative-behaviour.org/) the Equine behavior team managed in the past two years. Some horses did not only show single innovations, but several different innovations. The number of innovations per individual varied from 1 to 10. 20 % of all innovative horses in the database showed more than one innovation. These individuals can be called the ‘true innovators’. Moreover innovations were dependent on age. Young horses were more innovative than older ones, whereby horses at the age of five to nine years were the most innovative. When considering the housing system innovative horses in a single housing (inside box, outside box, paddock box) had a slight majority towards horses in group housing (open stable, active stable, pasture day and night). But given the fact that ratings on housing system frequencies state 95% of the horses to be kept in individual housing, innovations in individual housing are rare. Nevertheless, horses kept in inside boxes without a window, opened doors more often than all other horses. Aside from this effect, housing systems did not trigger the frequency of innovative behavior. Innovations for gaining freedom and innovations in general were widespread among horses with daily access to pasture and daily contact with conspecifics. Innovations for gaining food were not more likely to occur in horses that were fed little amounts of roughage. In conclusion, the housing of horses does not seem to be the primary catalyst for developing innovative behavior in horses. What makes a “true innovator” in horses, in addition to age, remains to be seen. |
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Corporate Author |
Hollenhorst, H. |
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Publisher |
Xenophon Publishing |
Place of Publication |
Wald |
Editor |
; Krueger, K. |
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Proc. 3. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
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978-3-95625-000-2 |
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Id - |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5896 |
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Author |
Krueger, K. (ed) |
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Title |
Proceedings of the 3. International Equine Science Meeting |
Type |
Conference Volume |
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Year |
2015 |
Publication |
IESM 2015 |
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Publisher |
Xenophon Publishing |
Place of Publication |
Wald |
Editor |
Krueger, K. |
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Proc. 3. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
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978-3-95625-000-2 |
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Id - |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5906 |
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Author |
Krueger, K. (ed) |
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Title |
Proceedings of the International Equine Science Meeting 2008 |
Type |
Conference Volume |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
IESM 2008 |
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Keywords |
Equine Ecology; Equine Sociality; Equine Learning; Equine Cognition; Equine Welfare |
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Abstract |
Target group: Biologists, Psychologists, Veterinarians and Professionals
Meeting target: Because the last international meeting on Equine Science took place a couple years ago, there is an urgent need for equine scientists to exchange scientific knowledge, coordinate research provide knowledge for practical application, and discus research results among themselves and with professionals who work with horses. Additionally, dialog concerning the coordination of the study “Equitation Science” in Europe is urgently needed. Coordination and cooperation shall arise from the meeting, enrich the research, and advance the application of scientific knowledge for the horses` welfare. |
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Xenophon Verlag |
Place of Publication |
Wald |
Editor |
Krueger, K. |
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Language |
English |
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978-3-9808134-0-2 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4508 |
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Author |
Krueger, K. |
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Title |
“Erfasst” das Pferd die menschliche Psyche" |
Type |
Book Chapter |
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Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Pferdegestützte Therapie bei psychischen Erkrankungen |
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40-51 |
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Schattauer Verlag |
Place of Publication |
Stuttgart |
Editor |
Dettling, M.; Opgen-Rhein, C.; Kläschen, M. |
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978-3794527557 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5443 |
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Author |
Krueger, K. . |
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Title |
Soziales Lernen der Pferde |
Type |
Book Chapter |
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Year |
2011 |
Publication |
Göttinger Pferdetage '11: Zucht, Haltung und Ernährung von Sportpferden |
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51 |
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FN Verlag |
Place of Publication |
Warendorf |
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978-3885427582 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5719 |
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Author |
Krueger, K.; Lerbs, S. |
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Title |
Die Schiefe, und die motorische sowie sensorische Lateralität des Pferdes |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2013 |
Publication |
Jahrestagung der DVG, Fachgruppe: Tierschutz & Ethologie und Tierhaltung Umwelt und Tierhygiene |
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ISBN 978-3-86345-177-6 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5951 |
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