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Fuchs, K.; Götz, K.; Manschel, K.; Pohl, L.; Preisendanz, L.; Weil, S.; Weiß, V.; Wittum, J.; Krueger, K. |
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Title |
Vergleich der Interaktionen von Pferden in Boxenhaltung mit Weidegang und Pferden in Offenstallhaltung |
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Conference Article |
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2013 |
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Göttinger Pferdetage’13 |
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13 |
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65 |
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978-3-88542-782-7 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5948 |
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Author |
Hinz, K.; Sennet, S.; Maros, K.; Krueger, K. |
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Title |
Waiting behaviour in front of a computerized feeding system in an active stable – Effects on heart rate, heart rate variability and sensory laterality in horses |
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Book Chapter |
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Year |
2015 |
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Current research in applied ethology [Aktuelle Arbeiten zur artgemäßen Tierhaltung |
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computerized feeding, waiting situation, stress, horse |
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KTBL-Schrift 510 |
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Darmstadt |
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978-3-945088-13-5 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5927 |
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Author |
Hollenhorst, H.; Weil, S.; Krueger, K. |
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Title |
Innovative behavour in horses (Equus caballus) |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2015 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the 3. International Equine Science Meeting |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 3. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
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innovative behavior, age, housing system, horse (Equus caballus) |
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Contrary to the widely-spread assumption that horses just have restricted cognitive capacities and are not very flexible in their behaviors, we showed that horses display innovative behavior and even make use of tools (Krueger 2015, Krueger et al. 2015). These findings derive from a database (http://innovative-behaviour.org/) the Equine behavior team managed in the past two years. Some horses did not only show single innovations, but several different innovations. The number of innovations per individual varied from 1 to 10. 20 % of all innovative horses in the database showed more than one innovation. These individuals can be called the ‘true innovators’. Moreover innovations were dependent on age. Young horses were more innovative than older ones, whereby horses at the age of five to nine years were the most innovative. When considering the housing system innovative horses in a single housing (inside box, outside box, paddock box) had a slight majority towards horses in group housing (open stable, active stable, pasture day and night). But given the fact that ratings on housing system frequencies state 95% of the horses to be kept in individual housing, innovations in individual housing are rare. Nevertheless, horses kept in inside boxes without a window, opened doors more often than all other horses. Aside from this effect, housing systems did not trigger the frequency of innovative behavior. Innovations for gaining freedom and innovations in general were widespread among horses with daily access to pasture and daily contact with conspecifics. Innovations for gaining food were not more likely to occur in horses that were fed little amounts of roughage. In conclusion, the housing of horses does not seem to be the primary catalyst for developing innovative behavior in horses. What makes a “true innovator” in horses, in addition to age, remains to be seen. |
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Corporate Author |
Hollenhorst, H. |
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Xenophon Publishing |
Place of Publication |
Wald |
Editor |
; Krueger, K. |
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Proc. 3. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
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978-3-95625-000-2 |
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Id - |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5896 |
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Author |
Krueger, K. |
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Title |
Behaviour of horses in the “round pen technique” |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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104 |
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1-2 |
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162-170 |
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Learning; Dominance relationship; Horse; Human-animal relationships |
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I investigated the behavioural background of the way horses learn to follow humans in the “round pen technique” suggested by “horse whisperers” as a gentle method for initial horse training. Though the practicability of this technique has been adequately demonstrated in the past, the horses' behaviour during such training has not yet been documented in detail. In a riding arena, horses, that did not follow the trainer immediately, were chased away so that they galloped around the trainer. Galloping horses showed specific behaviour such as turning the ear to the trainer, chewing, licking, and stretching head and throat downwards. In subsequent trials horses needed to be chased for less time and finally followed immediately, even when conditions were changed or the trainer was replaced by another person. This suggests that horses learn to follow in this particular situation and also show some generalisation. However, following did not occur on a pasture even after several successful trials in the riding arena. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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280 |
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Author |
Krueger, K. |
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Title |
Social learning and innovative behaviour in horses |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2015 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the 3. International Equine Science Meeting |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 3. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
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social learning, innovative behaviour, Equus caballus, cognitive capacities |
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The evaluation of important parameters for measuring the horses’ cognitive capacities is one of the central topics of the equine behaviour team at Nürtingen-Geislingen University. Social complexity has been said to be one of the settings in which needs for cognitive capacities arise in animals. A variety of studies throughout the last two decades proved the horses’ social complexity to be far more elaborate than previously assumed. Horses form social bonds for the protection of offspring, intervene in encounters of others, identify group mates individually and easily orientate in a fission fusion society.
In such socially complex societies, animals will benefit from learning socially. In many bird and primate species the degree of social complexity correlates nicely with the species abilities for social learning. Social learning was, therefore, argued to be an indicator for elaborate mental capacities in animals. We were delighted to prove that horses actually copy social behaviour and techniques for operating a feeding apparatus from older and higher ranking group members. In a recent study we found young horses, at the age of 3 to 12, to copy the operation of a feeding apparatus from a human demonstrator. Social learning seems to work nicely in horses when the social background of the animals is considered.
The degree to which individual animals adapt to changes in their social or physical environment by finding innovative solution appears to be the other side of the coin, of whether animals adjust to challenges by social learning. It is not very astonishing, that along with the animals’ social complexity and their ability to learn socially also the degree to which they show innovative behaviour was claimed to be one of the most important demonstrations of advanced cognitive capacities. In a recent approach, we started to ask horse owners and horse keepers in many countries to tell us about unusual behaviour of their horses via a web site (http://innovative-behaviour.org). To date, we received 204 cases of innovative behaviour descriptions from which six cases were clear examples of tool use or borderline tool use. We categorized the innovative behaviours into the classes, a) innovations to gain food, b) innovations to gain freedom, c) social innovations, d) innovations to increase maintenance, and e) innovations that could not be clearly assigned to a category. About 20% of the innovative horses showed more than one innovation. These animals could be termed “true innovators”. Again, young horses were more innovative than older ones with the age group 5 – 9 showing the highest number of innovative behaviour descriptions.
In a nutshell, the horses’ cognitive capacities appear to be underestimated throughout the last decades. The horses’ social complexity is far more elaborate than previously assumed, horses learn socially from conspecific and humans, some of them demonstrate innovative behaviour adaptations to their environment and even simple forms of tool use. |
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Corporate Author |
Krueger, K. |
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Publisher |
Xenophon Publishing |
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Wald |
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in prep |
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978-3-95625-000-2 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5848 |
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Author |
Krueger, K. |
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Title |
Social Ecology of Horses |
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Book Chapter |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Ecology of Social Evolution |
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195-206 |
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Horses (Equidae ) are believed to clearly demonstrate the links between ecology and social organization. Their social cognitive abilities enable them to succeed in many different environments, including those provided for them by humans, or the ones domestic horses encounter when escaping from their human care takers. Living in groups takes different shapes in equids. Their aggregation and group cohesion can be explained by Hamilton“s selfish herd theory. However, when an individual joins and to which group it joins appears to be an active individual decision depending on predation pressure, intra group harassment and resource availability. The latest research concerning the social knowledge horses display in eavesdropping experiments affirms the need for an extension of simple herd concepts in horses for a cognitive component. Horses obviously realize the social composition of their group and determine their own position in it. The horses exceedingly flexible social behavior demands for explanations about the cognitive mechanisms, which allow them to make individual decisions. ”Ecology conditions like those that favour the evolution of open behavioural programs sometimes also favour the evolution of the beginnings of consciousness, by favouring conscious choice. Or in other words, consciousness originates with the choice that are left open by open behavioural programs." Popper (1977) |
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Springer Verlag |
Place of Publication |
Heidelberg |
Editor |
j. Korb and J. Heinze |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4387 |
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Author |
Krueger, K. |
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Title |
Social cognition and social learning in horses |
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Conference Article |
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2008 |
Publication |
IESM 2008 |
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In comparison to other social animals it appears to be far more difficult to show social learning in horses, although the social background of the animals prompts the prediction that social learning should be verifiable. This demands for a thorough analysis of conditions, context and effects of social learning which might not be as obvious in horses than in other social animals. Moreover, the horse“s social cognition in general, i.e. the processing, encoding, storage, retrieval, and application of social information, needs to be examined. In previous studies we addressed the horse”s perception of it“s social environment. Our results indicate that domestic horses are not only capable of distinguishing between familiar and unfamiliar horses but also of recognizing the social status of familiar horses relative to their own. Furthermore, they extract information from observing interactions between a familiar horse and a human experimenter, and adjust their behaviour according to the observed horse”s reaction and relative dominance status when they are themselves later confronted with the experimenter in a similar situation. Additionally, we showed in pilot experiments that horses paid more attention to the gaze of dominant horses from their own social group than to that of unknown or subordinate horses. In another study we suggested that horses of both sexes are capable of determining the social affiliation, the sex and, for their own group members, the identity of individuals, by sniffing their faeces. Hence, social affiliation and dominance relationships seemed to have a major influence on the horses` motivation to pay attention to their conspecifics. In the future we will take another step towards linking the horse“s social cognitive capacities with its social ecology, social structure, and individuality. In the context of comparative cognition research on the socially complex primates, or on a range of carnivores such as corvids, canids or dolphins, horses are particularly interesting, because they are highly social, but do not rely on social hunting or cooperative raising of offspring. Also foraging is simple for horses, predator avoidance is demanding and this may be the main reason for the horse”s complex social lives and their choice of learning tactics. Hence, we will investigate the horse"s investigative behaviour towards neutral, fear-eliciting and food related novel objects. We propose that, as in other species, sociality and distinct personalities are key features for the understanding of cognitive capacities and the choice of learning strategies. |
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University of Regensburg – Biology I |
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Corporate Author |
Krueger, K. |
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IESM 2008 |
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Notes |
Talk 15 min IESM 2008 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4462 |
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Author |
Krueger, K. |
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Title |
“Pferdehaltung und Ethologie der Pferde” im Bachelorstudiengang Pferdewirtschaft |
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Book Chapter |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
Forschendes Lernen initiieren, umsetzen und reflektieren |
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54-81 |
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UniversitätsVerlag Webler |
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Bielefeld |
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: S. Lepp und C. Niederdrenk-Felgner |
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10: 3-937026-91-6 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5944 |
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Author |
Krueger, K. |
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Title |
Die Bedeutung der Schiefe, Händigkeit und sensorische Lateralität der Pferde |
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Conference Article |
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2014 |
Publication |
Pferdetage Baden-Württemberg 2014 |
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Matthaes Medien |
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Stuttgart |
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978-3-938053-11-9 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5952 |
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Author |
Krueger, K. |
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Title |
“Erfasst” das Pferd die menschliche Psyche" |
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2010 |
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Pferdegestützte Therapie bei psychischen Erkrankungen |
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40-51 |
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Schattauer Verlag |
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Stuttgart |
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Dettling, M.; Opgen-Rhein, C.; Kläschen, M. |
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978-3794527557 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5443 |
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