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	Author	Krueger, K.
	Title	Social Ecology of Horses			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2008	Publication	Ecology of Social Evolution	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	195-206
	Keywords
	Abstract	Horses (Equidae ) are believed to clearly demonstrate the links between ecology and social organization. Their social cognitive abilities enable them to succeed in many different environments, including those provided for them by humans, or the ones domestic horses encounter when escaping from their human care takers. Living in groups takes different shapes in equids. Their aggregation and group cohesion can be explained by Hamilton“s selfish herd theory. However, when an individual joins and to which group it joins appears to be an active individual decision depending on predation pressure, intra group harassment and resource availability. The latest research concerning the social knowledge horses display in eavesdropping experiments affirms the need for an extension of simple herd concepts in horses for a cognitive component. Horses obviously realize the social composition of their group and determine their own position in it. The horses exceedingly flexible social behavior demands for explanations about the cognitive mechanisms, which allow them to make individual decisions. ”Ecology conditions like those that favour the evolution of open behavioural programs sometimes also favour the evolution of the beginnings of consciousness, by favouring conscious choice. Or in other words, consciousness originates with the choice that are left open by open behavioural programs." Popper (1977)
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Springer Verlag	Place of Publication	Heidelberg	Editor	j. Korb and J. Heinze
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4387
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	Author	Krueger, K.
	Title	Social cognition and social learning in horses			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2008	Publication	IESM 2008	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract	In comparison to other social animals it appears to be far more difficult to show social learning in horses, although the social background of the animals prompts the prediction that social learning should be verifiable. This demands for a thorough analysis of conditions, context and effects of social learning which might not be as obvious in horses than in other social animals. Moreover, the horse“s social cognition in general, i.e. the processing, encoding, storage, retrieval, and application of social information, needs to be examined. In previous studies we addressed the horse”s perception of it“s social environment. Our results indicate that domestic horses are not only capable of distinguishing between familiar and unfamiliar horses but also of recognizing the social status of familiar horses relative to their own. Furthermore, they extract information from observing interactions between a familiar horse and a human experimenter, and adjust their behaviour according to the observed horse”s reaction and relative dominance status when they are themselves later confronted with the experimenter in a similar situation. Additionally, we showed in pilot experiments that horses paid more attention to the gaze of dominant horses from their own social group than to that of unknown or subordinate horses. In another study we suggested that horses of both sexes are capable of determining the social affiliation, the sex and, for their own group members, the identity of individuals, by sniffing their faeces. Hence, social affiliation and dominance relationships seemed to have a major influence on the horses` motivation to pay attention to their conspecifics. In the future we will take another step towards linking the horse“s social cognitive capacities with its social ecology, social structure, and individuality. In the context of comparative cognition research on the socially complex primates, or on a range of carnivores such as corvids, canids or dolphins, horses are particularly interesting, because they are highly social, but do not rely on social hunting or cooperative raising of offspring. Also foraging is simple for horses, predator avoidance is demanding and this may be the main reason for the horse”s complex social lives and their choice of learning tactics. Hence, we will investigate the horse"s investigative behaviour towards neutral, fear-eliciting and food related novel objects. We propose that, as in other species, sociality and distinct personalities are key features for the understanding of cognitive capacities and the choice of learning strategies.
	Address	University of Regensburg – Biology I
	Corporate Author	Krueger, K.			Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	IESM 2008
	Notes	Talk 15 min IESM 2008			Approved	yes
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4462
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	Author	Krueger, K.
	Title	“Pferdehaltung und Ethologie der Pferde” im Bachelorstudiengang Pferdewirtschaft			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2014	Publication	Forschendes Lernen initiieren, umsetzen und reflektieren	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	54-81
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	UniversitätsVerlag Webler	Place of Publication	Bielefeld	Editor	: S. Lepp und C. Niederdrenk-Felgner
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	10: 3-937026-91-6	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5944
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	Author	Krueger, K.
	Title	Die Bedeutung der Schiefe, Händigkeit und sensorische Lateralität der Pferde			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2014	Publication	Pferdetage Baden-Württemberg 2014	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Matthaes Medien	Place of Publication	Stuttgart	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-3-938053-11-9	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5952
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	Author	Krueger, K.
	Title	“Erfasst” das Pferd die menschliche Psyche"			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2010	Publication	Pferdegestützte Therapie bei psychischen Erkrankungen	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	40-51
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Schattauer Verlag	Place of Publication	Stuttgart	Editor	Dettling, M.; Opgen-Rhein, C.; Kläschen, M.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-3794527557	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5443
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	Author	Krueger, K.
	Title	Konfliktlösungsstrategien der Menschen und Pferde			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2012	Publication	Proceedings of the 2. International Equine Science Meeting	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 2. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg
	Volume	in press	Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract	Abstract Missing KW -
	Address
	Corporate Author	Krüger, K.			Thesis
	Publisher	Xenophon Publishing	Place of Publication	Wald	Editor
	Language	Deutsch	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-3-9808134-26	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Public Day			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5566
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	Author	Krueger, K.
	Title	Perissodactyla Cognition			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2017	Publication	Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-10
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Springer International Publishing	Place of Publication	Cham	Editor	Vonk, J.; Shackelford, T.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-3-319-47829-6	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @ Krueger2017			Serial	6187
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	Author	Krueger, K.
	Title	Das Pferd im Blickpunkt der Wissenschaft			Type	Book Whole
	Year	2010	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Xenophon Verlag	Place of Publication	Wald	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	6009
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	Author	Krueger, K
	Title	Die Relevanz von sozialem Lernen beim Pferd für Tierhaltung und Tierschutz.			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2011	Publication	DVG 12. Internationale Fachtagung zu Fragen von Verhaltenskunde, Tierhaltung und Tierschutz.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	220-221
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	DVG	Place of Publication	Gießen	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	9783863450182	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5720
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	Author	Hollenhorst, H.; Weil, S.; Krueger, K.
	Title	*Innovative behavour in horses (Equus caballus)*			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2015	Publication	Proceedings of the 3. International Equine Science Meeting	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 3. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	innovative behavior, age, housing system, horse (Equus caballus)
	Abstract	Contrary to the widely-spread assumption that horses just have restricted cognitive capacities and are not very flexible in their behaviors, we showed that horses display innovative behavior and even make use of tools (Krueger 2015, Krueger et al. 2015). These findings derive from a database (http://innovative-behaviour.org/) the Equine behavior team managed in the past two years. Some horses did not only show single innovations, but several different innovations. The number of innovations per individual varied from 1 to 10. 20 % of all innovative horses in the database showed more than one innovation. These individuals can be called the ‘true innovators’. Moreover innovations were dependent on age. Young horses were more innovative than older ones, whereby horses at the age of five to nine years were the most innovative. When considering the housing system innovative horses in a single housing (inside box, outside box, paddock box) had a slight majority towards horses in group housing (open stable, active stable, pasture day and night). But given the fact that ratings on housing system frequencies state 95% of the horses to be kept in individual housing, innovations in individual housing are rare. Nevertheless, horses kept in inside boxes without a window, opened doors more often than all other horses. Aside from this effect, housing systems did not trigger the frequency of innovative behavior. Innovations for gaining freedom and innovations in general were widespread among horses with daily access to pasture and daily contact with conspecifics. Innovations for gaining food were not more likely to occur in horses that were fed little amounts of roughage. In conclusion, the housing of horses does not seem to be the primary catalyst for developing innovative behavior in horses. What makes a “true innovator” in horses, in addition to age, remains to be seen.
	Address
	Corporate Author	Hollenhorst, H.			Thesis
	Publisher	Xenophon Publishing	Place of Publication	Wald	Editor	; Krueger, K.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title	Proc. 3. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-3-95625-000-2	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Id -			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5896
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