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Author Rutberg, A.T.; Keiper, R.R. url  doi
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  Title Proximate causes of natal dispersal in feral ponies: some sex differences Type Journal Article
  Year 1993 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.  
  Volume 46 Issue 5 Pages 969-975  
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  Abstract Abstract. Fifteen years of data on natal dispersal age and the context of dispersal for the feral ponies of Assateague Island, Maryland are presented. Ninety-seven per cent of males and 81% of females dispersed from their natal groups by 5 years of age. For animals that left their natal group, average age of dispersal was 20[middle dot]8 months for males and 24[middle dot]6 months for females. Male dispersal age was strongly and significantly correlated with number of peers in the natal group, and males dispersing with peers were significantly older than males dispersing without peers, suggesting that males delayed dispersal when peers were available for interaction. Female dispersal age was not influenced by number of peers, but was correlated with age of first reproduction. Factors not influencing dispersal age in either sex were presence of a younger sibling, maternal band transfers, and maternal age and dominance rank. The relatively high frequency of females failing to disperse from their natal groups is puzzling in light of data showing diminished fecundity in non-dispersing pony mares.  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 518  
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Author Houpt, K.A.; Keiper, R. openurl 
  Title The position of the stallion in the equine dominance hierarchy of feral and domestic ponies. Type Journal Article
  Year 1982 Publication Journal of Animal Science Abbreviated Journal J. Anim Sci  
  Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages 945-950  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 668  
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Author Keiper, R.R.; Sambraus, H.H. url  doi
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  Title The stability of equine dominance hierarchies and the effects of kinship, proximity and foaling status on hierarchy rank Type Journal Article
  Year 1986 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.  
  Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages 121-130  
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  Abstract Dominance hierarchies were determined in four bands of feral horses living on Assateague Island. The bands varied in size from 10 to 16 horses, and consisted of one stallion, several mares and their offspring. The animals ranged in age from less than 1 to over 18 years. Field observation of all social interactions during the summer of 1981 was used to determine dominance. 1981 hierarchies for three of the bands were compared with hierarchies determined for the same bands in 1978, and showed that hierarchies change over time. Age was significantly correlated with rank. Mares with foals did not rank any higher in the hierarchies than mares without foals. Kinship did not appear to have an effect on dominance rank either, since neither juvenile nor adult offspring ranks correlated with the ranks of their mothers. The band stallion was not the highest-ranking animal of any band, but the location of the stallion peripheral to the main body of the band, the nature of his interactions with band members, and his length of residence in the band may have contributed to his low rank.  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 683  
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Author Keiper, R.R. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Social interactions of the Przewalski horse (Equus przewalskii Poliakov, 1881) herd at the Munich Zoo Type Journal Article
  Year 1988 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.  
  Volume 21 Issue 1-2 Pages 89-97  
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  Abstract Data were collected on 972 aggressions and 233 acts of mutual grooming in a herd of 9 Przewalski horses in the Hellabrunn Tierpark in Munich, West Germany. The herd was composed of 1 adult stallion, 5 adult mares and 3 foals. A distinct linear dominance hierarchy was present in the herd, with the stallion being the top-ranking animal. Age was significantly correlated with rank. Almost 40% of all aggressions consisted of herding actions by the stallion. Threats to bite (20% of all aggressions) and threats to kick (11.4%) were next in frequency of occurrence. Most mutual grooms (71%) involved grooming the front part of the body. Although mutual grooming may be used to appease higher-ranked animals, most grooming bouts were between related horses. Foals initiate 47.6% of all allogrooming. Mutual grooming may reduce weaning conflict between a mare and her foal or may result in female coalitions that defend against predators or aggression by the herd stallion.  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 775  
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Author Keiper, R.; Receveur, H. url  doi
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  Title Social interactions of free-ranging Przewalski horses in semi-reserves in the Netherlands Type Journal Article
  Year 1992 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.  
  Volume 33 Issue 4 Pages 303-318  
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  Abstract Social interactions were recorded in two bands of free-ranging Przewalski horses living on large (greater than 30 ha) pastures in the Netherlands. The average number of aggressive interactions per hour was 8.86 at Lelystad and 10.36 at Noorderheide. The most common aggressive interactions were lower intensity, lower cost displacements (17.2% of all aggressive acts at Lelystad, 13.2% at Noorderheide), threats to bite (42.3% and 40.7%, respectively) and threats to kick (15.4% and 23.9%, respectively). Analysis of aggression revealed that a clear, linear dominance hierarchy was present in each band. For each band there was a positive and highly significant correlation between the age of a horse and its rank in the hierarchy. In each band, the stallion was not the highest ranked horse. Non-agonistic behaviors exceeded the number of agonistic interactions (1253 vs. 558 for Lelystad; 1257 vs. 995 at Noorderheide). There was a negative correlation between the rank of a horse in the dominance hierarchy and the number of non-agonistic behaviors displayed. The group displaying the highest number of non-agonistic interactions were foals (48.9% of total non-agonistic behaviors at Lelystad; 51.1% at Noorderheide). The non-agonistic/agonistic ratio was greater than 1 for yearlings and the band stallion, as was also the case for foals, but was less than 1 for males.  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 778  
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Author Keiper, R. openurl 
  Title Social organization of feral ponies Type Journal Article
  Year 1976 Publication Abbreviated Journal Proc Pennsyl Acad Sci  
  Volume 50 Issue Pages 69-70  
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  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1250  
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Author Keiper, R.R.; Moss, M.; Zervanos, S. openurl 
  Title Daily and seasonal patterns of feral ponies on Assateague Island. Type Conference Article
  Year 1980 Publication 2nd Conference on Scientific Research in the National Parks Abbreviated Journal  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2310  
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Author Keiper, R.R. openurl 
  Title The behaviour, ecology and social organization of the feral ponies of Assateague Island Type Journal Article
  Year 1979 Publication Proc. I. Conf. Sci. Res. Nat. Parks Abbreviated Journal Proc. I. Conf. Sci. Res. Nat. Parks,  
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  Publisher University of Wyoming Place of Publication Laramie Editor  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2309  
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Author Keiper, R.R.; Keenan, M.A. openurl 
  Title Nocturnal activity patterns of feral horses Type Journal Article
  Year 1980 Publication J. Mammal Abbreviated Journal J. Mammal  
  Volume 61 Issue Pages 116-118  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2311  
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Author Boyd, L.; Keiper, R. openurl 
  Title Behavioural ecology of feral horses Type Book Chapter
  Year 2005 Publication The domestic horse: the origins, development, and management of its behaviour Abbreviated Journal  
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  Publisher Cambridge University Press Place of Publication Cambridge Editor Mills, D. S.; McDonnell S. M.  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5439  
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