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Author | Kharazyan, F.; Hassani, A.; Ahmadinejad, M.; Houpt, K.A. | ||||
Title | The response of horses to predator stimuli. | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2008 | Publication | IESM 2008 | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
Keywords | Caspian pony, Arab horse, predator stimuli | ||||
Abstract | It is unknown whether or not wild horses“ instinct has remained during their centuries of taming. The knowledge of this matter gives riders the opportunity of knowing more not only about horse behavior but also about horse and rider safety. In the current research we try to study behavior of the two Iranian horse breed (Asil & Caspian) in confrontation with stimuli from predators. We explored which kind of stimuli (olfactory stimuli accompanied by auditory stimuli) affects horses more. We groupe horses based on breed, sex and age. All horses are adult. The test area is a room that equipped with ventilator, speaker, and other facilities that needs. The time spent in the test area varies between 5 and 20 min .The experiments were designed to investigate behavioral responses (locomotive activity ( standing , walk , trot , and exploration), eliminatory behavior (defecation, urination)) and physiological responses (measure and record of adrenalin dosages in blood samples before and after facing to stimuli and measured blood”s glucose and cortisol too) of horses to novel auditory and olfactory stimuli. We explored which kind of stimuli(Olfactory stimuli or auditory stimuli) affects horses more. The experiments were carried out under standardized conditions a total of 60 horses (30 Caspian ponies and 30 Asil horses), of different ages. We investigated how horses respond to two predator animals" (wolf and Iranian leopard) olfactory and auditory stimulus. The olfactory stimuli were: A: Urine /feces stimuli, B: Fur-derived stimuli. And The auditory stimulus were sound of wolf and Iranian Leopard. |
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Address | of Animal Sciences, University of Technical and Vocational, Iran | ||||
Corporate Author | Kharazyan, F. | Thesis | |||
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Area | Expedition | Conference | IESM 2008 | ||
Notes | Talk 15 min IESM 2008 Fullpaper | Approved | yes | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4483 | ||
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Author | Houpt, K.A. | ||||
Title | Equine behavior problems in relation to humane management | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1981 | Publication | Int. J. Stud. Anim Prob. | Abbreviated Journal | Int. J. Stud. Anim. Prob. |
Volume | 2 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 329-337 |
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Notes | Cited By (since 1996): 7; Export Date: 21 October 2008 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4521 | ||
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Author | Haag, E.L.; Rudman, R.; Houpt, K.A. | ||||
Title | Avoidance, maze learning and social dominance in ponies | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1980 | Publication | J. Anim. Sci. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 50 | Issue | Pages | 329-335 | |
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Notes | Cited By (since 1996): 16; Export Date: 24 October 2008 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Admin @ knut @ | Serial | 4593 | ||
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Author | Houpt, K.A.; Keiper, R. | ||||
Title | The position of the stallion in the equine dominance hierarchy of feral and domestic ponies. | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1982 | Publication | Journal of Animal Science | Abbreviated Journal | J. Anim Sci |
Volume | 54 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 945-950 |
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 668 | ||
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Author | Hunter, L.; Houpt, K..A. | ||||
Title | Bedding material preferences of ponies. | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1989 | Publication | Journal of American Society of Animal Science | Abbreviated Journal | J Anim Sci |
Volume | 67 | Issue | 8 | Pages | 1986-1991 |
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Abstract | The bedding preferences of ponies were determined using video recordings of nighttime (1900 to 0700) behavior of individually housed ponies. The ponies' behavior each minute was recorded to determine time budgets. In Exp. I, preference for bedding was determined using three mares, three stallions and two geldings given access to bedded and unbedded areas in a box stall. The ponies spent more time (66%) on the bedded area and were never observed lying on the unbedded areas. In Exp. II, three mares and six stallions were given access to a box stall, one side of which was bedded with wood shavings and the other with straw. Although some individual animals preferred one bedding over the other, neither form of bedding was preferred consistently. Time budgets in Exp. II were similar on both bedding materials. The ponies spent 12% of their nighttime lying, 2% walking, 35% eating and 50% standing inactively. Some ponies had a relatively strong preference for bedding, but the type of bedding preferred varied with the individual animal. Some individual ponies had no clear preference, but instead had a side or position preference | ||||
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Notes | from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List | Approved | yes | ||
Call Number | Serial | 1211 | |||
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Author | Houpt, K.A.; Zahorik, D.M.; Swartzman-Andert, J.A. | ||||
Title | Taste aversion learning in horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1990 | Publication | Journal of animal science | Abbreviated Journal | J. Anim Sci. |
Volume | 68 | Issue | 8 | Pages | 2340-2344 |
Keywords | Animal Feed; Animals; *Avoidance Learning; Feeding Behavior/*psychology; *Food Preferences; Horses/physiology/*psychology; *Taste | ||||
Abstract | The ability of ponies to learn to avoid a relatively novel food associated with illness was tested in three situations: when illness occurred immediately after consuming a feed; when illness occurred 30 min after consuming a feed; and when illness was contingent upon eating one of three feeds offered simultaneously. Apomorphine was used to produce illness. The feeds associated with illness were corn, alfalfa pellets, sweet feed and a complete pelleted feed. The ponies learned to avoid all the fees except the complete feed when apomorphine injection immediately followed consumption of the feed. However, the ponies did not learn to avoid a feed if apomorphine was delayed 30 min after feed consumption. They could learn to avoid alfalfa pellets, but not corn, when these feeds were presented with the familiar “safe foods,” oats and soybean meal. Ponies apparently are able to learn a taste aversion, but there were constraints on this learning ability. Under the conditions of this study, they did not learn to avoid a food that made them sick long after consumption of the food, and they had more difficulty learning to avoid highly palatable feeds. | ||||
Address | Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0021-8812 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:2401656 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 41 | ||
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Author | Youket, R.J.; Carnevale, J.M.; Houpt, K.A.; Houpt, T.R. | ||||
Title | Humoral, hormonal and behavioral correlates of feeding in ponies: the effects of meal frequency | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1985 | Publication | Journal of animal science | Abbreviated Journal | J. Anim Sci. |
Volume | 61 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 1103-1110 |
Keywords | Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Blood Glucose/*analysis; Blood Proteins/*analysis; Blood Volume; *Eating; Feeding Behavior/physiology; Female; Heart Rate; Horses/blood/*physiology; Male; Osmolar Concentration; Osmotic Pressure; Triiodothyronine/*blood | ||||
Abstract | The effect of meal frequency on body fluid, glucose, triiodothyronine (T3), heart rate and behavior was measured in 10 ponies. A simple reversal design was used in which each pony received one meal/day (1X) for 2 wk and six meals/day (6X) for 2 wk. The total intake/day was held constant. Feeding was followed by a rise in plasma levels of glucose, T3, protein and osmolality. One large meal was followed by significantly greater changes in all of the variables than was a meal one-sixth the size. Plasma T3 rose from 41 +/- 5 (SE) ng/liter before feeding to 43 +/- 5 ng/liter following a small meal, but rose significantly higher, from 39 +/- 4 to 60 +/- 10 ng/liter, following a large meal. Glucose rose from 84 +/- 3 to 109 +/- 7 mg/dl following a small meal and rose significantly higher, from 83 +/- 3 to 154 +/- 11 mg/dl, after a large meal. Plasma protein rose from 6.55 +/- .14 to 6.62 +/- .16 g/dl following a small meal and from 6.45 +/- .14 to 6.99 +/- .11 g/dl following a large meal. Osmolality rose from 227 +/- 1 mosmol/liter before to 279 +/- 1 mosmol/liter following a small meal and significantly higher from 278 +/- 2 to 285 +/- 1 mosnol/liter following a large meal. Heart rate rose from 42 beats/min in the absence of feed to 50 beats/min when food was visible to the ponies and did not rise higher when eating began. There were no significant differences in the cardiac response to one large meal and that to a small meal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0021-8812 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | PMID:4077755 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 51 | ||
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Author | Crowell-Davis, S.L.; Houpt, K.A.; Carnevale, J. | ||||
Title | Feeding and drinking behavior of mares and foals with free access to pasture and water | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1985 | Publication | Journal of animal science | Abbreviated Journal | J. Anim Sci. |
Volume | 60 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 883-889 |
Keywords | Animals; *Drinking Behavior; *Feeding Behavior; Female; Horses/*physiology; Male; Poaceae; Seasons; Temperature; Time Factors | ||||
Abstract | The feeding and drinking behavior of 11 mares and 15 foals living on pasture with free access to water was recorded during 2,340 15-min focal samples taken over 2 yr. Lactating mares on pasture spent about 70% of the day feeding. Foals began feeding on their first day of life. As they grew older, they spent progressively more time feeding, but still spent only 47 +/- 6% of the time feeding by 21 wk of age. Foals fed primarily during the early morning and evening. While grass formed the major proportion of the diet of both foals and mares, they also ate clay, humus, feces, bark, leaves and twigs. Almost all feeding by foals was done while their mothers were feeding. Movement to water sources was frequently, but not invariably, carried out by an entire herd. Frequency (P = .005) but not duration (P greater than .05) of drinking bouts by mares increased as the temperature increased. Frequency was greatest at 30 to 35 C, at which temperature mares drank once every 1.8 h. Frequency of drinking varied with the time of day (P less than .01), being rarest during the early morning (0500 to 0900 h eastern daylight time) and most frequent during the afternoon (1300 to 1700 h). Drinking by foals was very rare. The youngest age at which a foal was observed to drink was 3 wk, and 8 of 15 foals were never observed to drink before weaning. | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0021-8812 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | PMID:3988655 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 54 | ||
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Author | Houpt, K.A.; Parsons, M.S.; Hintz, H.F. | ||||
Title | Learning ability of orphan foals, of normal foals and of their mothers | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1982 | Publication | Journal of animal science | Abbreviated Journal | J. Anim Sci. |
Volume | 55 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 1027-1032 |
Keywords | Age Factors; Animals; Body Weight; Dominance-Subordination; Female; Horses/*physiology; *Learning; *Maternal Deprivation; Mothers/*psychology | ||||
Abstract | The maze learning ability of six pony foals that had been weaned at birth was compared to that of six foals reared normally. The foals' learning ability was also compared to their mothers' learning ability at the same task; the correct turn in a single choice point maze. The maze learning test was conducted when the foals were 6 to 8 mo old and after the mothered foals had been weaned. There was no significant difference between the ability of orphaned (weaned at birth) and mothered foals in their ability to learn to turn left (6 +/- .7 and 5.1 +/- .1 trials, respectively) or to learn the reversal, to turn right (6.7 +/- .6 and 6.2 +/- .6 trials, respectively). The orphan foals spent significantly more time in the maze in their first exposure to it than the mothered foals (184 +/- 42 vs 55 +/- 15 s. Mann Whitney U = 7, P less than .05). The mothers of the foals (n = 11) learned to turn left as rapidly as the foals (5.9 +/- .7 trials), but they were slower to learn to turn right (9.8 +/- 1.4 vs 6.4 +/- .4 trials, Mann Whitney U = 33, P less than .05), indicating that the younger horses learned more rapidly. There was no correlation between the trials to criteria of the mare and those of her foal, but there was a significant negative correlation between rank in trials to criteria and age (r = -65, P less than .05) when data from the mare and foal trials were combined. The dominance hierarchy of the mares was determined using a paired feeding test in which two horses competed for one bucket of feed. Although there was no correlation between rank in the hierarchy and maze learning ability, there was a correlation between body weight and rank in the hierarchy (r = .7, P less than .05). This may indicate either that heavier horses are likely to be dominant or that horses high in dominance gain more weight. Maternal deprivation did not appear to seriously retard learning of a simple maze by foals, although the orphans moved more slowly initially. The lack of maternal influence on learning is also reflected in the lack of correlation between the mare's learning ability and that of her foal. Young horses appear to learn more rapidly than older horses. | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0021-8812 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | PMID:7174546 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 58 | ||
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Author | Houpt, K.A. | ||||
Title | Investigating equine ingestive, maternal, and sexual behavior in the field and in the laboratory | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1991 | Publication | Journal of Animal Science | Abbreviated Journal | J. Anim Sci. |
Volume | 69 | Issue | 10 | Pages | 4161-4166 |
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Abstract | Some of the techniques that may be used to study social, reproductive, and ingestive behavior in horses are described in this paper. One of the aspects of equine social behavior is the dominance hierarchy or patterns of agonistic behavior. Paired or group feeding from a single food source may be used to determine dominance hierarchies quickly. Focal animal studies of undisturbed groups of horses may also be used; this method takes longer, but may reveal affiliative as well as agonistic relationships among the horses. Reproductive behavior includes flehmen, the functional significance of which can be determined using combinations of field observations of harem groups and laboratory studies of stallions exposed to female urine or feces in the absence of the donor mare. Ingestive behavior may include food, salt, or water intake. Direct and indirect measurements of intake can be made and used to answer questions regarding the ability of horses to control their energy intake when the diet is diluted, the effect of feral equids on the ecology of an area, and the abilities of horses to compensate for dehydration and hypovolemia. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 667 | ||
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