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Crowell-Davis, S.L.; Houpt, K.A.; Kane, L. |
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Title |
Play development in Welsh pony (Equus caballus) foals |
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1987 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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18 |
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2 |
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119-131 |
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The structure of the play of colts and fillies living on pasture was studied from birth (n = 15) for up to 24 weeks. Foal play was categorized as running and bucking alone, running and bucking in a group, interactive (contact or combat) play, play with an object, and play at an adult. The rate of play decreased with increasing age and ambient temperature. Fillies and colts played with equal frequency, but engaged in some different types of play at different rates. There was no difference between colts and fillies in the proportion of play bouts of running and bucking in a group or playing with an object. Fillies engaged in running and bucking alone more than colts. Colts engaged in interactive play and play at an adult more than fillies. While there was no significant difference between colts and fillies in the duration of either type of running and bucking play, the interactive play bouts of colts were significantly longer than those of fillies. Both mares and stallions were tolerant of foal play which involved use of their body as a play object, including mounting play. Both fillies and colts engaged in mounting play. Foals used various natural objects found in the pasture for repeated bouts of play with inanimate objects, a behaviour which may explain, from a developmental perspective, the occasional use of “tools” in adult equids. The sex differences in type of play were consistent with the social structure of unmanaged adults in which males must compete with each other in order to associate with females. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2274 |
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Crowell-Davis, S.L.; Houpt, K.A.; Carini, C.M. |
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Title |
Mutual grooming and nearest-neighbor relationships among foals of Equus caballus |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1986 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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15 |
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2 |
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113-123 |
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A 3-year study was carried out on the developmental behavior of foals from birth to 24 weeks of age and the behavior of mares living with foals. Mutual-grooming partners of foals were primarily other foals. The peak frequency of mutual grooming occurred during Weeks 9-12, when fillies mutual-groomed 1.6 times h-1 and colts mutual-groomed 0.9 times h-1. Fillies mutual-groomed more frequently than colts (P < 0.025). Fillies mutual-groomed randomly with colts and other fillies (P < 0.05), whereas colts mutual-groomed almost exclusively with fillies (P = 0.03). At all ages studied, if a foal's nearest neighbor was not its mother, it was more likely to be another foal than would be expected if the foal was associating randomly with non-mother ponies. Fillies were more likely than expected to have a filly rather than a colt as their nearest neighbor (P = 0.01). Thus, during their first few months of life, the foals studied exhibited patterns of behavior which were consistent with the development of the usual social milieu of unmanaged adults, in which several mares form a cohesive herd with one or more stallions associating with them. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2276 |
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Houpt, K.A. |
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Review of some research areas of applied and theoretical interest in domestic animal behavior |
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1980 |
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Applied Animal Ethology |
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Appl. Animal. Ethol. |
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6 |
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2 |
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111-119 |
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There are numerous areas worthy of study in the field of domestic animal behavior or applied ethology. In this paper a few areas are offerred as particularly worthy of attention. These areas are worthwhile either because they have received little or no study and are of basic interest or because they have application to current problems of livestock production. The study of cat behavior falls in the former category. Neither the food and water sources, the reproductive success rate nor even the social interactions of cats in the large populations found in both rural and urban environments are known. Pigs as a species have already been the subjects of many behavior studies; nevertheless, there are still gaps in our knowledge of the underlying principles of swine behavior. The physiological basis of maternal behavior, for example, has not been studied in swine or in any domestic species. The sensory basis of udder location by the neonatal piglet deserves study also. Some aspects of olfactory and vocal communication of pigs have been studied, but only one of what may be a large number of pheromones of pigs has been chemically identified. The message conveyed by the vocal interactions between adult swine of the same sex is unknown, as is the role of facial and postural expressions in porcine communication. The two major problems of pig behavior under conditions of intensive livestock management are tail biting and reproductive failure. The application of behavioral techniques to these problems might help to attenuate those problems as well as broaden our understanding of normal pig behavior. Horse behavior has also been a relatively neglected field of study. Of particular interest is the significance of the flehmen gesture used by both mares and stallions in a variety of situations. Flehmen may be related to the function of the vomeronasal organ, but both observational and physiological studies should be performed to verify the hypothesis. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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508 |
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Lee, J.; Floyd, T.; Erb, H.; Houpt, K. |
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Title |
Preference and demand for exercise in stabled horses |
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Journal Article |
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2011 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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130 |
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3-4 |
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91-100 |
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Horse; Welfare; Exercise; Operant conditioning; Two choice preference; Treadmill |
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Operant conditioning and two choice preference tests were used to assess the motivation of horses to be released from straight and from box stalls. The motivations for food, a companion, and release into a paddock were compared when the horses had to work for each commodity at increasing fixed ratios of responses (panel presses) to reward in an equine operant conditioning stall. The motivation for food (mean ± SEM = 258 ± 143) responses was much greater than that for either release (38 ± 32) from a straight stall into a large paddock alone or into a small paddock with another horse (95 ± 41) (P = 0.04). When given a two choice preference test between exercise on a treadmill for 20 min or returning to their box stalls, eight of nine horses chose to return to their stalls. In a two choice preference test six of eight horses in box stalls chose to be released into a paddock alone. Horses were given a series of two choice preference tests to determine how long they preferred to be in a paddock. After 15 min in the paddock the horses were re-tested, but all chose the paddock when released into a paddock with three other horses. They were retested every 15 min until they chose to return to their stalls. They chose to stay out for 35 ± 6 min when other horses were in the paddock but for only 17 ± 2 min when they would be alone. When deprived of stall release for 48 h the horses chose to remain in the paddock with other horses for 54 ± 6 min, but showed no compensatory behavior when they were alone (duration chosen = 16 ± 4 min). These findings indicate that horses are not strongly motivated to exercise alone and will choose not to endure forced exercise on a treadmill. The social context of voluntary exercise is important; horses are willing to stay out of their stalls longer if other horses are present and will show compensatory behavior only if other horses are present. These finding have implications for optimizing turnout time for stalled horses. |
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0168-1591 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5330 |
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Houpt, K.A.; Rudman, R. |
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Foreword to special issue on equine behavior |
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2002 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
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Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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78 |
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2-4 |
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83-85 |
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1986 |
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Author |
Houpt, K.A. |
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Title |
New perspectives on equine stereotypic behaviour |
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1995 |
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Equine veterinary journal |
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Equine Vet J |
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27 |
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2 |
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82-83 |
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Animals; Horses/*psychology; Stereotyped Behavior/*physiology |
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0425-1644 |
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PMID:7607153 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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34 |
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Houpt, K.A. |
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Title |
Animal behavior as a subject for veterinary students |
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1976 |
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The Cornell veterinarian |
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Cornell Vet |
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66 |
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1 |
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73-81 |
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Aggression; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Cats; Chickens; Dogs; Education, Veterinary; Goats; Horses; Humans; Maternal Behavior; Mice; New York; Sexual Behavior, Animal; Sheep; Sleep; Social Behavior; Social Dominance; Swine |
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Knowledge of animal behavior is an important asset for the veterinarian; therefore a course in veterinary animal behavior is offered at the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine as an elective. The course emphasizes the behavior of those species of most interest to the practicing veterinarian: cats, dogs, horses, cows, pigs and sheep. Dominance heirarchies, animal communication, aggressive behavior, sexual behavior and maternal behavior are discussed. Play, learning, diurnal cycles of activity and sleep, and controls of ingestive behavior are also considered. Exotic and zoo animal behaviors are also presented by experts in these fields. The critical periods of canine development are related to the optimum management of puppies. The behavior of feral dogs and horses is described. The role of the veterinarian in preventing cruelty to animals and recognition of pain in animals is emphasized. Whenever possible behavior is observed in the laboratory or on film. |
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0010-8901 |
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PMID:767053 |
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61 |
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Houpt, K.A. |
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Intelligence of the horse |
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1979 |
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Equine Pract. |
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1 |
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20-26 |
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Cited By (since 1996): 5; Export Date: 24 October 2008 |
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Admin @ knut @ |
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4597 |
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Crowell-Davis, S.L.; Houpt, K.A. |
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Title |
Coprophagy by foals: effect of age and possible functions |
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Journal Article |
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1985 |
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Equine veterinary journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J |
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17 |
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1 |
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17-19 |
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*Aging; Animals; *Coprophagia; Deoxycholic Acid/physiology; Female; Horse Diseases/*physiopathology; Horses; Humans; Male; Pheromones/physiology; Time Factors; Urination |
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In colts and fillies observed from birth to 24 weeks old, coprophagy occurred from Weeks 1 to 19. Its frequency was greatest during the first two months. Coprophagy was rarely observed in mares and stallions. Foals usually ate the faeces of their mother but were observed to eat their own and those of a stallion and another unrelated mare. Urination by the foal occurred before, during or after 26 per cent of the coprophagy incidents. It is hypothesised that foals may consume faeces in response to a maternal pheromone which signals the presence of deoxycholic acid or other acids which the foal may be deficient in and which it may require for gut immuno-competence myelination of the nervous system. Such a pheromone may also serve to accelerate growth and sexual maturation. Coprophagy may also provide nutrients and introduce normal bacterial flora to the gut. |
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0425-1644 |
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PMID:4038939 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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55 |
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Houpt, K.A.; Wolski, T.R. |
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Stability of equine hierarchies and the prevention of dominance related aggression |
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1980 |
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Equine veterinary journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J |
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12 |
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1 |
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15-18 |
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*Aggression; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Feeding Behavior; Female; *Hierarchy, Social; *Horses; Humans; Male; Maternal Behavior; *Social Dominance |
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The dominance hierarchy of a herd of 10 Thoroughbred mares was determined twice, at an interval of 18 months, using paired feeding tests. Each mare's rank was correlated significantly between the 2 tests. This indicated that the hierarchy within the herd was stable. The offspring of dominant and subordinate mares were also tested for dominance in their own age groups. The offspring of dominant mares tended to be near the top of the hierarchy while those of middle and low ranking mares were not consistently found in the middle or bottom of their own hierarchies. Paired feeding tests were carried out on 8 ponies. During tests the time that each pony spent eating and the ponies' aggressive interactions were recorded. Two situations were used. Each pony-pair was tested when both ponies were in the same paddock and also when they were separated by a rail fence. The subordinate ponies spent significantly more time eating and the domonant pony was significantly less aggressive, when the pony-pair was separated by a fence than when they were in one paddock. It was concluded that the dominance hierarchies of adult horse groups changed very little over time and that the foals of dominant mares will tend to be dominant in their own age groups. Management practices can be used to reduce aggression and consequent injury that may arise in group feeding situations. |
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0425-1644 |
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PMID:7189148 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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