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	Author	Kraus-Hansen, A.E.; Fackelman, G.E.; Becker, C.; Williams, R.M.; Pipers, F.S.
	Title	Preliminary studies on the vascular anatomy of the equine superficial digital flexor tendon			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1992	Publication	Equine veterinary journal	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J
	Volume	24	Issue	1	Pages	46-51
	Keywords	Angiography/veterinary; Animals; Exercise Test/veterinary; Forelimb; Horses/anatomy & histology/surgery; Microcirculation; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Tendons/blood supply/surgery/ultrastructure
	Abstract	The vascular and microvascular anatomy of normal equine superficial digital flexor tendons was studied by dissection of vinyl-perfused specimens and by microangiography on high detail film. The presence of an extensive intratendinous vascular latticework was confirmed, and a 'nutrient artery' described closely associated with the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon (proximal check ligament). Circumferential stripping of the paratenon from the tendon to eliminate afferent vessels was performed bilaterally in three horses and unilaterally in a fourth, followed by a treadmill training regimen. No resulting intratendinous lesions could be documented on gross post mortem and histological examination at three, 10, or 35 days post operatively. There was mild paratendinous proliferation in all instances. In one horse, four intratendinous ligatures were placed within the medial and lateral borders of the contralateral tendon to isolate further from its blood supply a 10 cm segment. Gross lesions at 35 days post operatively included a marked paratendinous response involving the entire 10 cm segment, and a darkened, soft focus within the core of the tendon. Histopathology and electron microscopy demonstrated focal degeneration. It was concluded that the blood supply of the normal equine superficial digital flexor tendon is primarily intratendinous, rather than paratendinous as previously thought. The lesions in one horse similar to those in naturally occurring tendinitis supported a vascular aetiology of the disease, and set the groundwork for studies aimed at the development of a clinically relevant tendinitis model.
	Address	Department of Surgery, Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0425-1644	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:1555540			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	151
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	Author	de Waal, F.B.; Aureli, F.; Judge, P.G.
	Title	Coping with crowding			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	Scientific American	Abbreviated Journal	Sci Am
	Volume	282	Issue	5	Pages	76-81
	Keywords	Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Emotions; Female; Grooming; Homicide; Humans; Macaca mulatta; Male; Pan troglodytes; Population Density; Primates; Rodentia; Rural Population; Territoriality; Urban Population; Violence
	Abstract
	Address	Living Links Center, Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Atlanta, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0036-8733	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:11056991			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	184
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	Author	Judge, P.G.; de Waal, F.B.; Paul, K.S.; Gordon, T.P.
	Title	Removal of a trauma-inflicting alpha matriline from a group of rhesus macaques to control severe wounding			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1994	Publication	Laboratory animal science	Abbreviated Journal	Lab Anim Sci
	Volume	44	Issue	4	Pages	344-350
	Keywords	Aggression; Animals; Female; Macaca mulatta; Male; Monkey Diseases; Social Dominance; Wounds and Injuries/epidemiology/prevention & control/*veterinary
	Abstract	Wounding in an 83-member group of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) housed at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center Field Station became excessive to the point that intervention was deemed necessary. When observations indicated that three females from the group's alpha matriline were principally responsible for the wounding, the matriline (N = 7) was removed from the group. This study was conducted to document an atypical pattern of wounding in this group and to evaluate the effectiveness of removal as a procedure for controlling injuries. The aggression rates of 21 adult subjects and the wounds of all group members were recorded before and after the removal procedure and compared with those in a similar-sized group. Removing the alpha matriline did not alter aggression rates in the group or the rank order among the remaining matrilines. Aggression rates in the experimental group were also not significantly different from those in the comparison group before or after the removal. With the alpha matriline present, wounding levels in the group were significantly higher than those in the comparison group. After removal of the matriline, the frequency of wounds decreased significantly to levels similar to those of the comparison group. The pattern of excess wounding attributed to the extracted alpha females was idiosyncratic, involving removal of large patches of skin from the hindquarters of adult females or removal of the distal portion of the fingers, toes, or tail from juveniles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
	Address	Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0023-6764	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:7983846			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	207
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	Author	Judge, P.G.; de Waal, F.B.
	Title	Intergroup grooming relations between alpha females in a population of free-ranging rhesus macaques			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1994	Publication	Folia primatologica; international journal of primatology	Abbreviated Journal	Folia Primatol (Basel)
	Volume	63	Issue	2	Pages	63-70
	Keywords	Animals; Animals, Wild; Female; Grooming; Macaca mulatta/psychology; Male; Population Density; *Social Behavior
	Abstract	Intergroup affiliation among female rhesus macaques, Macaca mulatta, was examined in the captive free-ranging colony of Morgan Island, S.C., USA. The provisioned colony has many social groups (35) and is maintained at a relatively high population density (21 animals/ha) with a relatively low adult male to female ratio (1:8.8). Focal and ad libitum samples were collected on 32 adults (3 males and 29 females) from two groups. Although infrequent, grooming was observed between adult females from different groups, and alpha females were the main participants in these interactions. Colony records indicated that none of the intergroup grooms was between females formerly from a common group. Relations between familiar neighboring groups may be maintained by a combination of both affiliative and aggressive behavior.
	Address	Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Lawrenceville, Ga 30243
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0015-5713	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:7813977			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	208
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	Author	Zentall, T.R.; Kaiser, D.H.; Clement, T.S.; Weaver, J.E.; Campbell, G.
	Title	Presence/absence-sample matching by pigeons: divergent retention functions may result from the similarity of behavior during the absence sample and the retention interval			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
	Volume	26	Issue	3	Pages	294-304
	Keywords	Analysis of Variance; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Choice Behavior; Columbidae; Conditioning, Operant; Cues
	Abstract	Divergent choose-absence retention functions typically found in pigeons following presence/absence-sample matching have been attributed to the development of a single-code/default coding strategy. However, such effects may result from adventitious differential responding to the samples. In Experiment 1, retention functions were divergent only when differential sample responding could serve as the basis for comparison choice. In Experiment 2, when pecking did not occur during the retention interval, a choose-absence bias was found, but when pecking occurred during the retention interval, a choose-presence bias resulted. In Experiment 3, positive transfer was found when a stimulus associated with the absence of pecking replaced the absence sample but not when a stimulus associated with pecking replaced the presence sample. Thus, presence/absence-sample matching may not encourage the development of a single-code/default coding strategy in pigeons.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506, USA. zentall@pop.uky.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:10913994			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	247
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	Author	Zentall, T.R.; Jackson-Smith, P.; Jagielo, J.A.; Nallan, G.B.
	Title	Categorical shape and color coding by pigeons			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1986	Publication	Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
	Volume	12	Issue	2	Pages	153-159
	Keywords	Animals; Color Perception; Columbidae; Discrimination Learning; Form Perception; Generalization, Stimulus; Psychophysics; Transfer (Psychology)
	Abstract	Categorical coding is the tendency to respond similarly to discriminated stimuli. Past research indicates that pigeons can categorize colors according to at least three spectral regions. Two present experiments assessed the categorical coding of shapes and the existence of a higher order color category (all colors). Pigeons were trained on two independent tasks (matching-to-sample, and oddity-from-sample). One task involved red and a plus sign, the other a circle and green. On test trials one of the two comparison stimuli from one task was replaced by one of the stimuli from the other task. Differential performance based on which of the two stimuli from the other task was introduced suggested categorical coding rules. In Experiment 1 evidence for the categorical coding of sample shapes was found. Categorical color coding was also found; however, it was the comparison stimuli rather than the samples that were categorically coded. Experiment 2 replicated the categorical shape sample effect and ruled out the possibility that the particular colors used were responsible for the categorical coding of comparison stimuli. Overall, the results indicate that pigeons can develop categorical rules involving shapes and colors and that the color categories can be hierarchical.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:3701264			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	262
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	Author	Hogan, D.E.; Zentall, T.R.; Pace, G.
	Title	Control of pigeons' matching-to-sample performance by differential sample response requirements			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1983	Publication	The American journal of psychology	Abbreviated Journal	Am J Psychol
	Volume	96	Issue	1	Pages	37-49
	Keywords	Animals; Association; Color Perception; Columbidae; Cues; Discrimination Learning; Reinforcement Schedule; Time Factors
	Abstract	Pigeons were trained on a matching-to-sample task in which sample hue and required sample-specific observing behavior provided redundant, relevant cues for correct choices. On trials that involved red and yellow hues as comparison stimuli, a fixed-ratio 16 schedule (FR 16) was required to illuminate the comparisons when the sample was red, and a differential-reinforcement-of-low-rates 3-sec schedule (DRL 3-sec) was required when the sample was yellow. On trials involving blue and green hues as comparison stimuli, an FR 16 schedule was required when the sample was blue and a DRL 3-sec schedule was required when the sample was green. For some pigeons, a 0-sec delay intervened between sample offset and comparison onset, whereas other pigeons experienced a random mixture of 0-sec and 2-sec delay trials. Test trial performance at 0-sec delay indicated that sample-specific behavior controlled choice performance considerably more than sample hue did. Test performance was independent of whether original training involved all 0-sec delay trials or a mixture of 0-sec and 2-sec delays. Sample-specific observing response requirements appear to facilitate pigeons' matching-to-sample performance by strengthening associations between the observing response and correct choice.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0002-9556	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:6859346			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	265
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	Author	Nallan, G.B.; Pace, G.M.; McCoy, D.F.; Zentall, T.R.
	Title	The role of elicited responding in the feature-positive effect			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1983	Publication	The American journal of psychology	Abbreviated Journal	Am J Psychol
	Volume	96	Issue	3	Pages	377-390
	Keywords	Animals; Color Perception; Columbidae; *Discrimination (Psychology); Male; Practice (Psychology); Reinforcement (Psychology); Time Factors
	Abstract	Hearst and Jenkins proposed in 1974 that elicited responding accounts for the feature-positive effect. To test this position, pigeons were exposed to a feature-positive or feature-negative discrimination between successively presented displays--one consisted of a red and a green response key and the other consisted of two green response keys. There were four main conditions: 5-5 (5-sec trials, 5-sec intertrial intervals), 5-30, 30-30, and 30-180. Conditions 5-30 and 30-180 should produce the largest amount of elicited responding, and therefore the largest feature-positive effects. A response-independent bird was yoked to each response-dependent bird to allow direct assessment of the amount of elicited responding generated by each condition. Contrary to the predictions by Hearst and Jenkins's theory, response-dependent birds showed large feature-positive effects in each condition. The largest feature-positive effect was obtained in condition 5-5. Response-independent birds produced similar results, but manifested low response rates.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0002-9556	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:6650707			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	266
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	Author	Nallan, G.B.; Pace, G.M.; McCoy, D.F.; Zentall, T.R.
	Title	Temporal parameters of the feature positive effect			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1979	Publication	The American journal of psychology	Abbreviated Journal	Am J Psychol
	Volume	92	Issue	4	Pages	703-710
	Keywords	Animals; Columbidae; Conditioning, Operant; Discrimination Learning; Form Perception; Male; Time Perception
	Abstract	Trial duration and intertrial interval duration were parametrically varied between groups of pigeons exposed to a discrimination involving the presence vs. the absence of a dot. Half the groups received the dot as the positive stimulus (feature positive groups) and half the groups received the dot as the negative stimulus (feature negative groups). Faster learning by the feature positive birds (feature positive effect) was found when the trial duration was short (5 sec) regardless of whether the intertrial interval was short (5 sec) or long (30 sec). No evidence for a feature positive effect was found when the trial duration was long (30 sec) regardless of the length of the intertrial interval (30 sec or 180 sec). The results suggest that short trial duration is a necessary condition for the occurrence of the feature positive effect, and neither intertrial interval nor trial duration/intertrial interval ratio are important for its occurrence. The suggestion that mechanisms underlying the feature positive effect and autoshaping might be similar was not supported by the present experiment since the trial duration/intertrial interval ration parameter appears to play an important role in autoshaping but not the feature positive effect.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0002-9556	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:532834			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	269
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Hampton, R.R.; Sherry, D.F.; Shettleworth, S.J.; Khurgel, M.; Ivy, G.
	Title	Hippocampal volume and food-storing behavior are related in parids			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	Brain, behavior and evolution	Abbreviated Journal	Brain Behav Evol
	Volume	45	Issue	1	Pages	54-61
	Keywords	Animals; Appetitive Behavior/physiology; Birds/anatomy & histology; Brain Mapping; Evolution; Food Preferences/physiology; Hippocampus/anatomy & histology; Mental Recall/physiology; Orientation/*physiology; Predatory Behavior/physiology; Social Environment; Species Specificity
	Abstract	The size of the hippocampus has been previously shown to reflect species differences and sex differences in reliance on spatial memory to locate ecologically important resources, such as food and mates. Black-capped chickadees (Parus atricapillus) cached more food than did either Mexican chickadees (P. sclateri) or bridled titmice (P. wollweberi) in two tests of food storing, one conducted in an aviary and another in smaller home cages. Black-capped chickadees were also found to have a larger hippocampus, relative to the size of the telencephalon, than the other two species. Differences in the frequency of food storing behavior among the three species have probably produced differences in the use of hippocampus-dependent memory and spatial information processing to recover stored food, resulting in graded selection for size of the hippocampus.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0006-8977	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:7866771			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	379
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