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Author |
Hillidge, C.J.; Lees, P. |
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Title |
Cardiac output in the conscious and anaesthetised horse |
Type  |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1975 |
Publication |
Equine veterinary journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J |
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Volume |
7 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
16-21 |
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Keywords |
Anesthesia, Inhalation/*veterinary; Animals; Carbon Dioxide/blood; *Cardiac Output/veterinary; *Consciousness; Electrocardiography/veterinary; Ether, Ethyl; Female; Halothane; Heart Rate; Heart Ventricles/physiology; Horses/*physiology; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Male; Oxygen/blood; Posture |
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Abstract |
Cardiac output in the horse was measured before and at predetermined times during 2-hour periods of thiopentone-halothane and thiopentone-diethyl ether anaesthesia. Left ventricular stroke volume was decreased to a similar extent during anaesthesia with each volatile agent, but a greater reduction in cardiac output occurred during halothane anaesthesia. This finding reflected the differing effects of halothane and ether on heart rate, a slight bradycardia occurring with the former agent while ether produced a small degree of tachycardia. The latter effect was attributed to enhanced sympathoadrenal activity. Changes in cardiac output and stroke volume were considered in relation to other factors, including arterial blood pH and tensions of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Positive correlations between some of these variables and cardiac function were established. With both volatile agents the reductions in stroke volume and cardiac output were related to the duration of anaesthesia, being greatest during the early stages. Possible reasons for the tendency of stroke volume and cardiac output to return towards control levels are discussed. |
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0425-1644 |
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PMID:234842 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
102 |
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Author |
Churcher, C. S. |
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Title |
Oldest Ass Recovered from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, and the Origin of Asses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1982 |
Publication |
Journal of Paleontology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Paleontol. |
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Volume |
56 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
1124-1132 |
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Abstract |
Abstract
An isolated right metatarsal III from an adult small monodactyl equid was recovered in situ from the middle of Bed II at Evelyn Fuchs-Hans Reck Korongo, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania in 1963. Interosseous contacts for splint metatarsals II and IV are less evident than in any modern comparative Equus metapodials in Leiden, Holland, London, England or in the field in Africa: horses (E. caballus), zebras (E. burchellii, E. grevyi, E. quagga) and asses (E. a. asinus, E. a. africanus), of which the horses and asses were domesticates. The specimen is provisionally assigned to Equus (Asinus) asinus. The estimated height at the shoulders is less than a meter for the animal in life, comparable to a small donkey. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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105 |
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Author |
Kirkpatrick, J.F.; Vail, R.; Devous, S.; Schwend, S.; Baker, C.B.; Wiesner, L. |
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Title |
Diurnal variation of plasma testosterone in wild stallions |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1976 |
Publication |
Biology of reproduction |
Abbreviated Journal |
Biol Reprod |
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Volume |
15 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
98-101 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Circadian Rhythm; Horses/*blood; Male; Montana; Sexual Behavior, Animal; Species Specificity; Testosterone/*blood |
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0006-3363 |
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Notes |
PMID:986195 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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149 |
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Author |
Hertsch, B.; Becker, C. |
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Title |
[Occurrence of aseptic necrosis of the palmar and plantar ligament in the horse--a contribution to the differentiation of sesamoid bone diseases] |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1986 |
Publication |
DTW. Deutsche tierarztliche Wochenschrift |
Abbreviated Journal |
Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr |
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Volume |
93 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
263-266 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Diagnosis, Differential; Horse Diseases/*pathology; Horses; Ligaments, Articular/*pathology; Osteonecrosis/*pathology; Sesamoid Bones/*pathology |
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German |
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Zum Vorkommen der aseptischen Nekrose im Ligamentum palmare bzw. plantare beim Pferd--ein Beitrag zur Differenzierung der Gleichbeinerkrankungen |
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0341-6593 |
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PMID:3527654 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
150 |
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Author |
Kraus-Hansen, A.E.; Fackelman, G.E.; Becker, C.; Williams, R.M.; Pipers, F.S. |
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Title |
Preliminary studies on the vascular anatomy of the equine superficial digital flexor tendon |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1992 |
Publication |
Equine veterinary journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J |
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Volume |
24 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
46-51 |
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Keywords |
Angiography/veterinary; Animals; Exercise Test/veterinary; Forelimb; Horses/*anatomy & histology/surgery; Microcirculation; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Tendons/*blood supply/surgery/ultrastructure |
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Abstract |
The vascular and microvascular anatomy of normal equine superficial digital flexor tendons was studied by dissection of vinyl-perfused specimens and by microangiography on high detail film. The presence of an extensive intratendinous vascular latticework was confirmed, and a 'nutrient artery' described closely associated with the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon (proximal check ligament). Circumferential stripping of the paratenon from the tendon to eliminate afferent vessels was performed bilaterally in three horses and unilaterally in a fourth, followed by a treadmill training regimen. No resulting intratendinous lesions could be documented on gross post mortem and histological examination at three, 10, or 35 days post operatively. There was mild paratendinous proliferation in all instances. In one horse, four intratendinous ligatures were placed within the medial and lateral borders of the contralateral tendon to isolate further from its blood supply a 10 cm segment. Gross lesions at 35 days post operatively included a marked paratendinous response involving the entire 10 cm segment, and a darkened, soft focus within the core of the tendon. Histopathology and electron microscopy demonstrated focal degeneration. It was concluded that the blood supply of the normal equine superficial digital flexor tendon is primarily intratendinous, rather than paratendinous as previously thought. The lesions in one horse similar to those in naturally occurring tendinitis supported a vascular aetiology of the disease, and set the groundwork for studies aimed at the development of a clinically relevant tendinitis model. |
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Department of Surgery, Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536 |
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0425-1644 |
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Notes |
PMID:1555540 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
151 |
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Author |
Moses, S.N.; Villate, C.; Ryan, J.D. |
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Title |
An investigation of learning strategy supporting transitive inference performance in humans compared to other species |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Neuropsychologia |
Abbreviated Journal |
Neuropsychologia |
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Volume |
44 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
1370-1387 |
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Keywords |
Adult; Analysis of Variance; Association Learning/*physiology; *Cognition; *Concept Formation; Female; Humans; *Logic; Male; Pattern Recognition, Visual/physiology; Photic Stimulation/methods; Reaction Time/physiology |
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Abstract |
Generalizations about neural function are often drawn from non-human animal models to human cognition, however, the assumption of cross-species conservation may sometimes be invalid. Humans may use different strategies mediated by alternative structures, or similar structures may operate differently within the context of the human brain. The transitive inference problem, considered a hallmark of logical reasoning, can be solved by non-human species via associative learning rather than logic. We tested whether humans use similar strategies to other species for transitive inference. Results are crucial for evaluating the validity of widely accepted assumptions of similar neural substrates underlying performance in humans and other animals. Here we show that successful transitive inference in humans is unrelated to use of associative learning strategies and is associated with ability to report the hierarchical relationship among stimuli. Our work stipulates that cross-species generalizations must be interpreted cautiously, since performance on the same task may be mediated by different strategies and/or neural systems. |
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Address |
Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, Toronto, Canada. smoses@rotman-baycrest.on.ca |
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English |
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0028-3932 |
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PMID:16503340 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
153 |
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Author |
Brosnan, S.F.; Freeman, C.; De Waal, F.B.M. |
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Title |
Partner's behavior, not reward distribution, determines success in an unequal cooperative task in capuchin monkeys |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
American journal of primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am. J. Primatol. |
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Volume |
68 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
713-724 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Cebus/*physiology; *Cooperative Behavior; Female; Food Preferences/physiology; Male; *Reward |
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Abstract |
It was recently demonstrated that capuchin monkeys notice and respond to distributional inequity, a trait that has been proposed to support the evolution of cooperation in the human species. However, it is unknown how capuchins react to inequitable rewards in an unrestricted cooperative paradigm in which they may freely choose both whether to participate and, within the bounds of their partner's behavior, which reward they will receive for their participation. We tested capuchin monkeys with such a design, using a cooperative barpull, which has been used with great success in the past. Contrary to our expectations, the equity of the reward distribution did not affect success or pulling behavior. However, the behavior of the partner in an unequal situation did affect overall success rates: pairs that had a tendency to alternate which individual received the higher-value food in unequal reward situations were more than twice as successful in obtaining rewards than pairs in which one individual dominated the higher-value food. This ability to equitably distribute rewards in inherently biased cooperative situations has profound implications for activities such as group hunts, in which multiple individuals work together for a single, monopolizable reward. |
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Address |
Living Links Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. sbrosna@emory.edu |
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ISSN |
0275-2565 |
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PMID:16786518 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
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160 |
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Author |
de Waal, F.B.M.; Dindo, M.; Freeman, C.A.; Hall, M.J. |
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Title |
The monkey in the mirror: hardly a stranger |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
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Volume |
102 |
Issue |
32 |
Pages |
11140-11147 |
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Keywords |
Analysis of Variance; Animals; Cebus/*physiology; *Discrimination (Psychology); Empathy; Female; Male; Observation; *Recognition (Psychology); *Self Concept; Sex Factors |
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Abstract |
It is widely assumed that monkeys see a stranger in the mirror, whereas apes and humans recognize themselves. In this study, we question the former assumption by using a detailed comparison of how monkeys respond to mirrors versus live individuals. Eight adult female and six adult male brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) were exposed twice to three conditions: (i) a familiar same-sex partner, (ii) an unfamiliar same-sex partner, and (iii) a mirror. Females showed more eye contact and friendly behavior and fewer signs of anxiety in front of a mirror than they did when exposed to an unfamiliar partner. Males showed greater ambiguity, but they too reacted differently to mirrors and strangers. Discrimination between conditions was immediate, and blind coders were able to tell the difference between monkeys under the three conditions. Capuchins thus seem to recognize their reflection in the mirror as special, and they may not confuse it with an actual conspecific. Possibly, they reach a level of self-other distinction intermediate between seeing their mirror image as other and recognizing it as self. |
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Living Links Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. dewaal@emory.edu |
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0027-8424 |
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PMID:16055557 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
164 |
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Author |
Flack, J.C.; Krakauer, D.C.; de Waal, F.B.M. |
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Title |
Robustness mechanisms in primate societies: a perturbation study |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc Biol Sci |
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Volume |
272 |
Issue |
1568 |
Pages |
1091-1099 |
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Keywords |
Aggression/physiology; Animals; *Conflict (Psychology); Female; *Hierarchy, Social; Macaca nemestrina/*physiology; Male; *Models, Theoretical; Observation; *Social Behavior |
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Abstract |
Conflict management mechanisms have a direct, critical effect on system robustness because they mitigate conflict intensity and help repair damaged relationships. However, robustness mechanisms can also have indirect effects on system integrity by facilitating interactions among components. We explore the indirect role that conflict management mechanisms play in the maintenance of social system robustness, using a perturbation technique to 'knockout' components responsible for effective conflict management. We explore the effects of knockout on pigtailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) social organization, using a captive group of 84 individuals. This system is ideal in addressing this question because there is heterogeneity in performance of conflict management. Consequently, conflict managers can be easily removed without disrupting other control structures. We find that powerful conflict managers are essential in maintaining social order for the benefit of all members of society. We show that knockout of components responsible for conflict management results in system destabilization by significantly increasing mean levels of conflict and aggression, decreasing socio-positive interaction and decreasing the operation of repair mechanisms. |
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Address |
Santa Fe Institute, NM 87501, USA. jflack@santafe.edu |
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English |
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ISSN |
0962-8452 |
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PMID:16024369 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
165 |
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Author |
Flack, J.C.; de Waal, F.B.M.; Krakauer, D.C. |
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Title |
Social structure, robustness, and policing cost in a cognitively sophisticated species |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
The American Naturalist |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am Nat |
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Volume |
165 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
E126-139 |
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Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Cognition; Conflict (Psychology); Female; Macaca nemestrina/*physiology; Male; Models, Biological; *Social Behavior |
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Abstract |
Conflict management is one of the primary requirements for social complexity. Of the many forms of conflict management, one of the rarest and most interesting is third-party policing, or intervening impartially to control conflict. Third-party policing should be hard to evolve because policers personally pay a cost for intervening, while the benefits are diffused over the whole group. In this study we investigate the incidence and costs of policing in a primate society. We report quantitative evidence of non-kin policing in the nonhuman primate, the pigtailed macaque. We find that policing is effective at reducing the intensity of or terminating conflict when performed by the most powerful individuals. We define a measure, social power consensus, that predicts effective low-cost interventions by powerful individuals and ineffective, relatively costly interventions by low-power individuals. Finally, we develop a simple probabilistic model to explore whether the degree to which policing can effectively reduce the societal cost of conflict is dependent on variance in the distribution of power. Our data and simple model suggest that third-party policing effectiveness and cost are dependent on power structure and might emerge only in societies with high variance in power. |
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Address |
Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501, USA. jflack@santafe.edu |
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English |
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1537-5323 |
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Notes |
PMID:15795848 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
168 |
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