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| Author | Spadavecchia, C.; Arendt-Nielsen, L.; Andersen, O.K.; Spadavecchia, L.; Doherr, M.; Schatzmann, U. | ||||
| Title | Comparison of nociceptive withdrawal reflexes and recruitment curves between the forelimbs and hind limbs in conscious horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | American journal of veterinary research | Abbreviated Journal | Am J Vet Res |
| Volume | 64 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 700-707 |
| Keywords | Animals; Consciousness; Female; Forelimb/*physiology; Hindlimb/*physiology; Horses/*physiology; Male; Nociceptors/physiology; Pain/*physiopathology/*veterinary; Pain Threshold/physiology; Recruitment, Neurophysiological/physiology; Reflex/*physiology | ||||
| Abstract | OBJECTIVE: To compare nociceptive withdrawal reflexes (NWRs) evoked from the distal aspect of the left forelimb and hind limb in conscious standing horses and to investigate NWR recruitment for graded electrical stimulation intensities. ANIMALS: 20 adult horses. PROCEDURE: Surface electromyographic (EMG) activity evoked by transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the digital palmar (or plantar) nerve was recorded from the common digital extensor and cranial tibial muscles. Stimuli consisted of 25-millisecond train-of-5 constant current pulses. Current intensity was gradually increased until NWR threshold intensity was reached. The EMG signal was analyzed for quantification of the NWR. Behavioral responses accompanying the reflex were scored (scale, 0 to 5). The NWR recruitment curves were determined at 0.9, 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3 times the NWR threshold intensity. RESULTS: The NWR threshold was significantly higher for the hind limb (median value, 6.6 mA; range, 3 to 10 mA) than the forelimb (median, 3 mA; range, 1.7 to 5.5 mA). The NWR of the hind limb had a significantly longer latency (median, 122.8 milliseconds; range, 106 to 172 milliseconds), compared with the forelimb (median, 98 milliseconds; range, 86 to 137 milliseconds), and it was associated with significantly stronger behavioral reactions. Gradual increase of NWR amplitude was evident at increasing stimulation intensities and supported by the behavioral observations. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: We documented NWRs evoked from the forelimb and hind limb and their recruitment with stimuli of increasing intensity in horses. These results provide a basis for use of NWRs in studies on nociceptive modulation in horses. | ||||
| Address | Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Berne, Switzerland | ||||
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| ISSN | 0002-9645 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:12828255 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 93 | ||
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| Author | Grubb, T.L.; Foreman, J.H.; Benson, G.J.; Thurmon, J.C.; Tranquilli, W.J.; Constable, P.D.; Olson, W.O.; Davis, L.E. | ||||
| Title | Hemodynamic effects of calcium gluconate administered to conscious horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine | Abbreviated Journal | J Vet Intern Med |
| Volume | 10 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 401-404 |
| Keywords | Animals; Blood Pressure/drug effects/physiology; Calcium/blood; Calcium Gluconate/administration & dosage/*pharmacology; Cardiac Output/drug effects/physiology; Consciousness/*physiology; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Heart Rate/drug effects/physiology; Hemodynamic Processes/*drug effects/physiology; Horses/blood/*physiology; Infusions, Intravenous; Male; Myocardial Contraction/drug effects/physiology; Respiration/drug effects/physiology; Stroke Volume/drug effects/physiology; Time Factors | ||||
| Abstract | Calcium gluconate was administered to conscious horses at 3 different rates (0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mg/kg/min for 15 minutes each). Serum calcium concentrations and parameters of cardiovascular function were evaluated. All 3 calcium administration rates caused marked increases in both ionized and total calcium concentrations, cardiac index, stroke index, and cardiac contractility (dP/dtmax). Mean arterial pressure and right atrial pressure were unchanged; heart rate decreased markedly during calcium administration. Ionized calcium concentration remained between 54% and 57% of total calcium concentration throughout the study. We conclude that calcium gluconate can safely be administered to conscious horses at 0.1 to 0.4 mg/kg/min and that administration will result in improved cardiac function. | ||||
| Address | Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA | ||||
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| ISSN | 0891-6640 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:8947873 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 97 | ||
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| Author | Trim, C.M.; Moore, J.N.; Clark, E.S. | ||||
| Title | Renal effects of dopamine infusion in conscious horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1989 | Publication | Equine veterinary journal. Supplement | Abbreviated Journal | Equine Vet J Suppl |
| Volume | Issue | 7 | Pages | 124-128 | |
| Keywords | Animals; Blood Pressure/drug effects/physiology; Consciousness/*physiology; Creatinine/blood; Dopamine/administration & dosage/*pharmacology; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Heart Rate/drug effects/physiology; Horses/*physiology; Infusions, Intravenous/veterinary; Kidney/blood supply/*drug effects/physiology; Osmolar Concentration; Potassium/blood; Random Allocation; Regional Blood Flow/drug effects/physiology; Renal Artery/drug effects/physiology/ultrasonography; Sodium/blood; Time Factors; Ultrasonography/methods/veterinary; Urination/physiology | ||||
| Abstract | An ultrasonic flow probe was implanted around a branch of the left renal artery in five horses. The effects of dopamine were studied in the unsedated horses 10 days after surgery. Three experiments, separated by at least two days, were performed in random order on each horse. In two experiments, dopamine was infused intravenously for 60 mins at either 2.5 and 5.0 micrograms/kg bodyweight (bwt)/min. Saline was infused for 60 mins before and after each infusion, and for 180 mins in the third experiment as a control. Renal blood flow increased during administration of dopamine at both dose rates (P = 0.0001). Urine volume increased (P = 0.055), and osmolality decreased (P < 0.05), with infusion of dopamine at 5.0 micrograms/kg bwt/min. Arterial blood pressure and heart rate were not significantly affected. Fractional excretions of sodium and potassium were not significantly changed with dopamine infusion. The higher dopamine dose rate was accompanied by dysrhythmias in some horses. | ||||
| Address | Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, USA | ||||
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| Notes | PMID:9118094 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 99 | ||
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| Author | Forster, H.V.; Pan, L.G.; Bisgard, G.E.; Flynn, C.; Hoffer, R.E. | ||||
| Title | Changes in breathing when switching from nares to tracheostomy breathing in awake ponies | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1985 | Publication | Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) | Abbreviated Journal | J Appl Physiol |
| Volume | 59 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 1214-1221 |
| Keywords | Airway Resistance; Animals; Chemoreceptors/physiology; Consciousness; Exertion; Horses/*physiology; Lung Compliance; Pulmonary Gas Exchange; Pulmonary Stretch Receptors/physiology; *Respiration; Respiratory Dead Space; *Tracheotomy | ||||
| Abstract | We assessed the consequences of respiratory unloading associated with tracheostomy breathing (TBr). Three normal and three carotid body-denervated (CBD) ponies were prepared with chronic tracheostomies that at rest reduced physiological dead space (VD) from 483 +/- 60 to 255 +/- 30 ml and lung resistance from 1.5 +/- 0.14 to 0.5 +/- 0.07 cmH2O . l-1 . s. At rest and during steady-state mild-to-heavy exercise arterial PCO2 (PaCO2) was approximately 1 Torr higher during nares breathing (NBr) than during TBr. Pulmonary ventilation and tidal volume (VT) were greater and alveolar ventilation was less during NBr than TBr. Breathing frequency (f) did not differ between NBr and TBr at rest, but f during exercise was greater during TBr than during NBr. These responses did not differ between normal and CBD ponies. We also assessed the consequences of increasing external VD (300 ml) and resistance (R, 0.3 cmH2O . l-1 . s) by breathing through a tube. At rest and during mild exercise tube breathing caused PaCO2 to transiently increase 2-3 Torr, but 3-5 min later PaCO2 usually was within 1 Torr of control. Tube breathing did not cause f to change. When external R was increased 1 cmH2O . l-1 . s by breathing through a conventional air collection system, f did not change at rest, but during exercise f was lower than during unencumbered breathing. These responses did not differ between normal, CBD, and hilar nerve-denervated ponies, and they did not differ when external VD or R were added at either the nares or tracheostomy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) | ||||
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| ISSN | 8750-7587 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:4055600 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 100 | ||
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| Author | Hendricks, J.C.; Morrison, A.R. | ||||
| Title | Normal and abnormal sleep in mammals | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1981 | Publication | Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association | Abbreviated Journal | J Am Vet Med Assoc |
| Volume | 178 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 121-126 |
| Keywords | Animals; Cat Diseases/physiopathology; Cats; Cattle; Dog Diseases/physiopathology; Dogs; Dreams; Horses/physiology; Humans; Narcolepsy/physiopathology/veterinary; Sleep/*physiology; Sleep Apnea Syndromes/physiopathology/veterinary; Sleep Disorders/physiopathology/*veterinary; Sleep, REM/physiology | ||||
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| ISSN | 0003-1488 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:7204232 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 101 | ||
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| Author | Hillidge, C.J.; Lees, P. | ||||
| Title | Cardiac output in the conscious and anaesthetised horse | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1975 | Publication | Equine veterinary journal | Abbreviated Journal | Equine Vet J |
| Volume | 7 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 16-21 |
| Keywords | Anesthesia, Inhalation/*veterinary; Animals; Carbon Dioxide/blood; *Cardiac Output/veterinary; *Consciousness; Electrocardiography/veterinary; Ether, Ethyl; Female; Halothane; Heart Rate; Heart Ventricles/physiology; Horses/*physiology; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Male; Oxygen/blood; Posture | ||||
| Abstract | Cardiac output in the horse was measured before and at predetermined times during 2-hour periods of thiopentone-halothane and thiopentone-diethyl ether anaesthesia. Left ventricular stroke volume was decreased to a similar extent during anaesthesia with each volatile agent, but a greater reduction in cardiac output occurred during halothane anaesthesia. This finding reflected the differing effects of halothane and ether on heart rate, a slight bradycardia occurring with the former agent while ether produced a small degree of tachycardia. The latter effect was attributed to enhanced sympathoadrenal activity. Changes in cardiac output and stroke volume were considered in relation to other factors, including arterial blood pH and tensions of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Positive correlations between some of these variables and cardiac function were established. With both volatile agents the reductions in stroke volume and cardiac output were related to the duration of anaesthesia, being greatest during the early stages. Possible reasons for the tendency of stroke volume and cardiac output to return towards control levels are discussed. | ||||
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| ISSN | 0425-1644 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:234842 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 102 | ||
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| Author | Churcher, C. S. | ||||
| Title | Oldest Ass Recovered from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, and the Origin of Asses | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1982 | Publication | Journal of Paleontology | Abbreviated Journal | J. Paleontol. |
| Volume | 56 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 1124-1132 |
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| Abstract | Abstract An isolated right metatarsal III from an adult small monodactyl equid was recovered in situ from the middle of Bed II at Evelyn Fuchs-Hans Reck Korongo, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania in 1963. Interosseous contacts for splint metatarsals II and IV are less evident than in any modern comparative Equus metapodials in Leiden, Holland, London, England or in the field in Africa: horses (E. caballus), zebras (E. burchellii, E. grevyi, E. quagga) and asses (E. a. asinus, E. a. africanus), of which the horses and asses were domesticates. The specimen is provisionally assigned to Equus (Asinus) asinus. The estimated height at the shoulders is less than a meter for the animal in life, comparable to a small donkey. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 105 | ||
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| Author | Tegetmeier, W.B.; Sutherland, C.L. | ||||
| Title | Horses, asses, zebras, mules and mule breeding | Type | Book Whole | ||
| Year | 1895 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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| Abstract | A scholarly review of the entire horse family with separate chapters on Prejevalsky`s horse, the African wild ass, the wild ass of Somaliland, the Asiatic wild ass, the mountain zebra, Grevy`s zebra, Burchell`s zebra, the Quagga, hybrid Equidae, the Poitou mule, the American mule and others. Rare. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 106 | ||
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| Author | Kirkpatrick, J.F.; Vail, R.; Devous, S.; Schwend, S.; Baker, C.B.; Wiesner, L. | ||||
| Title | Diurnal variation of plasma testosterone in wild stallions | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1976 | Publication | Biology of reproduction | Abbreviated Journal | Biol Reprod |
| Volume | 15 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 98-101 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Circadian Rhythm; Horses/*blood; Male; Montana; Sexual Behavior, Animal; Species Specificity; Testosterone/*blood | ||||
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| ISSN | 0006-3363 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:986195 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 149 | ||
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| Author | Hertsch, B.; Becker, C. | ||||
| Title | [Occurrence of aseptic necrosis of the palmar and plantar ligament in the horse--a contribution to the differentiation of sesamoid bone diseases] | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1986 | Publication | DTW. Deutsche tierarztliche Wochenschrift | Abbreviated Journal | Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr |
| Volume | 93 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 263-266 |
| Keywords | Animals; Diagnosis, Differential; Horse Diseases/*pathology; Horses; Ligaments, Articular/*pathology; Osteonecrosis/*pathology; Sesamoid Bones/*pathology | ||||
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| Language | German | Summary Language | Original Title | Zum Vorkommen der aseptischen Nekrose im Ligamentum palmare bzw. plantare beim Pferd--ein Beitrag zur Differenzierung der Gleichbeinerkrankungen | |
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| ISSN | 0341-6593 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:3527654 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 150 | ||
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