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| Author |
Whiten, A.; Byrne, R.W. |
| Title |
Tactical deception in primates |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year  |
1988 |
Publication |
Behavioral and Brain Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Brain Sci. |
| Volume |
11 |
Issue |
02 |
Pages |
233-244 |
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| Abstract |
ABSTRACT Tactical deception occurs when an individual is able to use an “honest” act from his normal repertoire in a different context to mislead familiar individuals. Although primates have a reputation for social skill, most primate groups are so intimate that any deception is likely to be subtle and infrequent. Published records are sparse and often anecdotal. We have solicited new records from many primatologists and searched for repeating patterns. This has revealed several different forms of deceptive tactic, which we classify in terms of the function they perform. For each class, we sketch the features of another individual's state of mind that an individual acting with deceptive intent must be able to represent, thus acting as a “natural psychologist.” Our analysis will sharpen attention to apparent taxonomic differences. Before these findings can be generalized, however, behavioral scientists must agree on some fundamental methodological and theoretical questions in the study of the evolution of social cognition. |
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Cambridge Journals Online |
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| ISSN |
1469-1825 |
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| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5937 |
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| Author |
Byrne, R.W.; Whiten, A.; Henzi, S.P. |
| Title |
Social relationships of mountain baboons: Leadership and affiliation in a non-female-bonded monkey |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1990 |
Publication |
American journal of primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am. J. Primatol. |
| Volume |
20 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
313-329 |
| Keywords |
relationships; one-male groups; female-bonding; spacing; support; Papio ursinus; Papio hamadryas |
| Abstract |
Abstract 10.1002/ajp.1350200409.abs Instead of close and differentiated relationships among adult females, the accepted norm for savanna baboons, groups of Drakensberg mountain baboons (Papio ursinus) showed strong affiliation of females towards a single male. The same male was usually the decision-making animal in controlling group movements. Lactating or pregnant females focused their grooming on this “leader” male, producing a radially patterned sociogram, as in the desert baboon (P. hamadryas); the leader male supported young animals in the group against aggression and protected them against external threats. Unlike typical savanna baboons, these mountain baboons rarely displayed approach-retreat or triadic interactions, and entirely lacked coalitions among adult females. Both groups studied were reproductively one-male; male-female relationships in one were like those in a unit of a hamadryas male at his peak, while the other group resembled the unit of an old hamadryas male, who still leads the group, with a male follower starting to build up a new unit and already monopolizing mating. In their mountain environment, where the low population density suggests conditions as harsh for baboons as in deserts, adults in these groups kept unusually large distances apart during ranging; kin tended to range apart, and spacing of adults was greatest at the end of the dry, winter season. These facts support the hypothesis that sparse food is responsible for convergence with hamadryas social organization. It is suggested that all baboons, though matrilocal, are better categorized as “cross-sex-bonded” than “female bonded”. |
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Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company |
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1098-2345 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5309 |
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| Author |
Byrne, R.W.; Whiten, A. |
| Title |
Tactical deception in primates: the 1990 database |
Type |
Book Whole |
| Year |
1990 |
Publication |
Primate Reports |
Abbreviated Journal |
Primate Rep. |
| Volume |
27 |
Issue |
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Pages |
1-101 |
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German Primate Center |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6172 |
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| Author |
Byrne, R.W. |
| Title |
Do larger brains mean greater intelligence? |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1993 |
Publication |
Behavioral and Brain Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Brain Sci. |
| Volume |
16 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
696-697 |
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Cambridge University Press |
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1469-1825 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6171 |
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| Author |
Barton, R.A.; Byrne, R.W.; Whiten, A. |
| Title |
Ecology, feeding competition and social structure in baboons |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1996 |
Publication |
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
| Volume |
38 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
321-329 |
| Keywords |
Key words Ecology – Competition – Group size – Baboons |
| Abstract |
Predictions of the model of van Schaik (1989) of female-bonding in primates are tested by systematically comparing the ecology, level of within-group contest competition for food (WGC), and patterns of social behaviour found in two contrasting baboon populations. Significant differences were found in food distribution (percentage of the diet from clumped sources), feeding supplant rates and grooming patterns. In accord with the model, the tendencies of females to affiliate and form coalitions with one another, and to be philopatric, were strongest where ecological conditions promoted WGC. Group fission in the population with strong WGC was “horizontal” with respect to female dominance rank, and associated with female-female aggression during a period of elevated feeding competition. In contrast, where WGC was low, females' grooming was focused on adult males rather than other females. Recent evidence suggests that group fission here is initiated by males, tends to result in the formation of one-male groups, and is not related to feeding competition but to male-male competition for mates. An ecological model of baboon social structure is presented which incorporates the effects of female-female competition, male-male competition, and predation pressure. The model potentially accounts for wide variability in group size, group structure and social relationships within the genus Papio. Socio-ecological convergence between common baboons and hamadryas baboons, however, may be limited in some respects by phylogenetic inertia. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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807 |
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| Author |
Byrne, R.W. |
| Title |
Imitation without intentionality. Using string parsing to copy the organization of behaviour |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume |
2 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
63-72 |
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A theory of imitation is proposed, string parsing, which separates the copying of behavioural organization by observation from an understanding of the cause of its effectiveness. In string parsing, recurring patterns in the visible stream of behaviour are detected and used to build a statistical sketch of the underlying hierarchical structure. This statistical sketch may in turn aid the subsequent comprehension of cause and effect. Three cases of social learning of relatively complex skills are examined, as potential cases of imitation by string parsing. Understanding the basic requirements for successful string parsing helps to resolve the conflict between mainly negative reports of imitation in experiments and more positive evidence from natural conditions. Since string parsing does not depend on comprehension of the intentions of other agents or the everyday physics of objects, separate tests of these abilities are needed even in animals shown to learn by imitation. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3162 |
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| Author |
Byrne, R.W. |
| Title |
How monkeys find their way: leadership, coordination, and cognitive maps of African baboons. |
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Book Chapter |
| Year |
2000 |
Publication |
On the Move: How and Why Animals Travel in Groups |
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491–518 |
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Chicago University Press |
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Chicago |
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Boinski, S.; Garber, P.A. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5146 |
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| Author |
Byrne, R.W.; Corp, N.; Byrne, J.M. |
| Title |
Manual dexterity in the gorilla: bimanual and digit role differentiation in a natural task |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume |
4 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
347-361 |
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The manipulative actions of mountain gorillas Gorilla g. beringei were examined in the context of foraging on hard-to-process plant foods in the field, in particular those used in tackling thistle Carduus nyassanus. A repertoire of 72 functionally distinct manipulative actions was recorded. Many of these actions were used in several variants of grip, finger(s) and movement path, both by different individuals and by the same individual at different times. The repertoire appears somewhat greater than that observed in comparable studies of monkeys, but a far more striking difference is found in the use of differentiated actions in concert. Mountain gorillas routinely and frequently deal with problems that involve: (1) bimanual role differentiation, with the two hands taking different roles but synchronized in time and space, and (2) digit role differentiation, with independent control of parts of the same hand used for separate purposes at the same time. The independent control that allows these abilities, so crucial to human manual constructional ability, is apparently general in African great apes. Role differentiation, between and within the hand, is evidently a primitive characteristic in the human arsenal of skills. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3357 |
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| Author |
Held, S.; Mendl, M.; Devereux, C.; Byrne, R.W. |
| Title |
Studies in Social Cognition: From Primates to Pigs |
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Journal Article |
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2001 |
Publication |
Animal Welfare |
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10 |
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209-217 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3494 |
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Byrne, R.W. |
| Title |
Imitation of novel complex actions: What does the evidence from animals mean? |
Type |
Book Chapter |
| Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Advances in the Study of Behavior |
Abbreviated Journal |
Adv Stud Behav |
| Volume |
31 |
Issue |
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77-105 |
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Summary Underlying the various behaviors that are classified as imitation, there may be several distinct mechanisms, differing in adaptive function, cognitive basis, and computational power. Experiments reporting “true motor imitation” in animals do not as yet give evidence of production learning by imitation; instead, contextual imitation can explain their data, and this can be explained by a simple mechanism (response facilitation) which matches known neural findings. When imitation serves a function in social mimicry, which applies to a wide range of phenomena from neonatal imitation in humans and great apes to pair-bonding in some bird species, the fidelity of the behavioral match is crucial. Learning of novel behavior can potentially be achieved by matching the outcome of a model's action, and it is argued that vocal imitation by birds is a clear example of this method (which is sometimes called emulation). Alternatively, the behavior itself may be perceived in terms of actions that the observer can perform, and thus it may be copied. If the imitation is linear and stringlike (action level), following the surface form rather than the underlying plan, then its utility for learning new instrumental methods is limited. However, the underlying plan of hierarchically organized behavior is visible in output behavior, in subtle but detectable ways, and imitation could instead be based on this organization (program level), extracted automatically by string parsing. Currently, the most likely candidates for such capacities are all great apes. It is argued that this ability to perceive the underlying plan of action, in addition to allowing highly flexible imitation of novel instrumental methods, may have resulted in the competence to understand the intentions (theory of mind) of others. |
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Academic Press |
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San Diego |
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Snowdon, C. T.; Roper, T. J.;Rosenblatt,J. S. |
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