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	Author	Held, S.; Mendl, M.; Devereux, C.; Byrne, R.W.
	Title	Studies in Social Cognition: From Primates to Pigs			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Animal Welfare	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	10	Issue		Pages	209-217
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	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	3494
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	Author	Byrne, R.W.
	Title	Imitation of novel complex actions: What does the evidence from animals mean?			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2002	Publication	Advances in the Study of Behavior	Abbreviated Journal	Adv Stud Behav
	Volume	31	Issue		Pages	77-105
	Keywords
	Abstract	Summary Underlying the various behaviors that are classified as imitation, there may be several distinct mechanisms, differing in adaptive function, cognitive basis, and computational power. Experiments reporting “true motor imitation” in animals do not as yet give evidence of production learning by imitation; instead, contextual imitation can explain their data, and this can be explained by a simple mechanism (response facilitation) which matches known neural findings. When imitation serves a function in social mimicry, which applies to a wide range of phenomena from neonatal imitation in humans and great apes to pair-bonding in some bird species, the fidelity of the behavioral match is crucial. Learning of novel behavior can potentially be achieved by matching the outcome of a model's action, and it is argued that vocal imitation by birds is a clear example of this method (which is sometimes called emulation). Alternatively, the behavior itself may be perceived in terms of actions that the observer can perform, and thus it may be copied. If the imitation is linear and stringlike (action level), following the surface form rather than the underlying plan, then its utility for learning new instrumental methods is limited. However, the underlying plan of hierarchically organized behavior is visible in output behavior, in subtle but detectable ways, and imitation could instead be based on this organization (program level), extracted automatically by string parsing. Currently, the most likely candidates for such capacities are all great apes. It is argued that this ability to perceive the underlying plan of action, in addition to allowing highly flexible imitation of novel instrumental methods, may have resulted in the competence to understand the intentions (theory of mind) of others.
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	Publisher	Academic Press	Place of Publication	San Diego	Editor	Snowdon, C. T.; Roper, T. J.;Rosenblatt,J. S.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	746
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	Author	Farmer, K.; Krueger, K.; Byrne, R.
	Title	*Visual laterality in the domestic horse (Equus caballus) interacting with humans*			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2010	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	13	Issue		Pages	229-238
	Keywords	Horse – Laterality – Eye preference – Emotion – Vision
	Abstract	Most horses have a side on which they are easier to handle and a direction they favour when working on a circle, and recent studies have suggested a correlation between emotion and visual laterality when horses observe inanimate objects. As such lateralisation could provide important clues regarding the horseâ€™s cognitive processes, we investigated whether horses also show laterality in association with people. We gave horses the choice of entering a chute to left or right, with and without the passive, non-interactive presence of a person unknown to them. The left eye was preferred for scanning under both conditions, but significantly more so when a person was present. Traditionally, riders handle horses only from the left, so we repeated the experiment with horses specifically trained on both sides. Again, there was a consistent preference for left eye scanning in the presence of a person, whether known to the horses or not. We also examined horses interacting with a person, using both traditionally and bilaterally trained horses. Both groups showed left eye preference for viewing the person, regardless of training and test procedure. For those horses tested under both passive and interactive conditions, the left eye was preferred significantly more during interaction. We suggest that most horses prefer to use their left eye for assessment and evaluation, and that there is an emotional aspect to the choice which may be positive or negative, depending on the circumstances. We believe these results have important practical implications and that emotional laterality should be taken into account in training methods.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4953
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	Author	Byrne, R.W.
	Title	How monkeys find their way: leadership, coordination, and cognitive maps of African baboons.			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2000	Publication	On the Move: How and Why Animals Travel in Groups	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	491–518
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	Publisher	Chicago University Press	Place of Publication	Chicago	Editor	Boinski, S.; Garber, P.A.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5146
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	Author	Whiten A.; Byrne, R. W. (eds)
	Title	Machiavellian Intelligence II – Extensions and Evaluations			Type	Book Whole
	Year	1997	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
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	Publisher	Cambridge University Press	Place of Publication	Cambridge	Editor	Whiten A.; Byrne, R. W.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5233
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	Author	Byrne, R. W.; Russon, A. E.
	Title	Learning by imitation: a hierachical approach			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication		Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Brain Sci.
	Volume	21	Issue		Pages	667-721
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5598
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	Author	Byrne, R.W.; Whiten, A.
	Title	Tactical deception in primates: the 1990 database			Type	Book Whole
	Year	1990	Publication	Primate Reports	Abbreviated Journal	Primate Rep.
	Volume	27	Issue		Pages	1-101
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	Publisher	German Primate Center	Place of Publication		Editor
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	6172
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	Author	Whiten, A.; Byrne, R.W.
	Title	Tactical deception in primates			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1988	Publication	Behavioral and Brain Sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Brain Sci.
	Volume	11	Issue	02	Pages	233-244
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	Abstract	ABSTRACT Tactical deception occurs when an individual is able to use an “honest” act from his normal repertoire in a different context to mislead familiar individuals. Although primates have a reputation for social skill, most primate groups are so intimate that any deception is likely to be subtle and infrequent. Published records are sparse and often anecdotal. We have solicited new records from many primatologists and searched for repeating patterns. This has revealed several different forms of deceptive tactic, which we classify in terms of the function they perform. For each class, we sketch the features of another individual's state of mind that an individual acting with deceptive intent must be able to represent, thus acting as a “natural psychologist.” Our analysis will sharpen attention to apparent taxonomic differences. Before these findings can be generalized, however, behavioral scientists must agree on some fundamental methodological and theoretical questions in the study of the evolution of social cognition.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Cambridge Journals Online	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1469-1825	ISBN		Medium
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5937
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	Author	Byrne, R.
	Title	When cognitive psychology met Japanese primatology			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	5	Issue	1	Pages	59-60
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3180
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	Author	Stokes, E.; Byrne, R.
	Title	Cognitive capacities for behavioural flexibility in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): the effect of snare injury on complex manual food processing			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	4	Issue	1	Pages	11-28
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	Abstract	In chimpanzees, it is only in the restricted context of tool use that manual and cognitive skills have been described, comparable to those that gorillas and orang-utans display in obtaining plant foods. We report the complex food preparation skills used to eat, without tools, the leaves of the tree Broussonettia papyrifera in the Sonso community of chimpanzees at Budongo Forest, Uganda. Able-bodied individuals used multi-stage techniques that required bimanual role differentiation at several stages, and were hierarchical in organisation. A total repertoire of 14 techniques was found, with strong preference in all individuals for either of two of these; 6 additional techniques were found when flowers and leaves were eaten together. However, in this community over 20% of individuals suffer from some form of upper- or lower-limb injury as a result of snares. We investigated the manner of compensation for upper-limb injury. Only the most severely injured showed reduced feeding efficiency. Injured individuals were found to use the same repertoire of techniques as able-bodied chimpanzees. We found no evidence to suggest that injured individuals were able to develop wholly novel techniques optimal for their specific injuries, although shifts in preference for particular techniques did occur. Rather, injured individuals used novel ways of achieving particular steps in the process; by “working around” their impairments; in this way, they managed to use the same techniques as the able-bodied. Since snare injuries generally befall young animals, these results suggest that chimpanzees learn techniques partly through observational learning (of, necessarily, able-bodied individuals).
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3191
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