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	Author	Barton, R.A.; Byrne, R.W.; Whiten, A.
	Title	Ecology, feeding competition and social structure in baboons			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.
	Volume	38	Issue	5	Pages	321-329
	Keywords	Key words Ecology – Competition – Group size – Baboons
	Abstract	Predictions of the model of van Schaik (1989) of female-bonding in primates are tested by systematically comparing the ecology, level of within-group contest competition for food (WGC), and patterns of social behaviour found in two contrasting baboon populations. Significant differences were found in food distribution (percentage of the diet from clumped sources), feeding supplant rates and grooming patterns. In accord with the model, the tendencies of females to affiliate and form coalitions with one another, and to be philopatric, were strongest where ecological conditions promoted WGC. Group fission in the population with strong WGC was “horizontal” with respect to female dominance rank, and associated with female-female aggression during a period of elevated feeding competition. In contrast, where WGC was low, females' grooming was focused on adult males rather than other females. Recent evidence suggests that group fission here is initiated by males, tends to result in the formation of one-male groups, and is not related to feeding competition but to male-male competition for mates. An ecological model of baboon social structure is presented which incorporates the effects of female-female competition, male-male competition, and predation pressure. The model potentially accounts for wide variability in group size, group structure and social relationships within the genus Papio. Socio-ecological convergence between common baboons and hamadryas baboons, however, may be limited in some respects by phylogenetic inertia.
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	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	807
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	Author	Bates, L.A.; Lee, P.C.; Njiraini, N.; Poole, J.H.; Sayialel, K.; Sayialel, S.; Moss, C.J.; Byrne, R.
	Title	Do Elephants Show Empathy?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2008	Publication	Journal of Consciousness Studies	Abbreviated Journal	J Conscious Stud
	Volume	15	Issue	10-11	Pages	204-225
	Keywords
	Abstract	Elephants show a rich social organization and display a number of unusual traits. In this paper, we analyse reports collected over a thirty-five year period, describing behaviour that has the potential to reveal signs of empathic understanding. These include coalition formation, the offering of protection and comfort to others, retrieving and 'babysitting' calves, aiding individuals that would otherwise have difficulty in moving, and removing foreign objects attached to others. These records demonstrate that an elephant is capable of diagnosing animacy and goal directedness, and is able to understand the physical competence, emotional state and intentions of others, when they differ from its own. We argue that an empathic understanding of others is the simplest explanation of these abilities, and discuss reasons why elephants appear to show empathy more than other non-primate species.
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	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	yes
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5057
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	Author	Bates, L.A.; Byrne, R.W.
	Title	Creative or created: Using anecdotes to investigate animal cognition			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Methods	Abbreviated Journal	Methods
	Volume	42	Issue	1	Pages	12-21
	Keywords	Anecdote; Creativity; Intelligence; Deception; Innovation; African elephant
	Abstract	In non-human animals, creative behaviour occurs spontaneously only at low frequencies, so is typically missed by standardised observational methods. Experimental approaches have tended to rely overly on paradigms from child development or adult human cognition, which may be inappropriate for species that inhabit very different perceptual worlds and possess quite different motor capacities than humans. The analysis of anecdotes offers a solution to this impasse, provided certain conditions are met. To be reliable, anecdotes must be recorded immediately after observation, and only the records of scientists experienced with the species and the individuals concerned should be used. Even then, interpretation of a single record is always ambiguous, and analysis is feasible only when collation of multiple records shows that a behaviour pattern occurs repeatedly under similar circumstances. This approach has been used successfully to study a number of creative capacities of animals: the distribution, nature and neural correlates of deception across the primate order; the occurrence of teaching in animals; and the neural correlates of several aptitudes--in birds, foraging innovation, and in primates, innovation, social learning and tool-use. Drawing on these approaches, we describe the use of this method to investigate a new problem, the cognition of the African elephant, a species whose sheer size and evolutionary distance from humans renders the conventional methods of comparative psychology of little use. The aim is both to chart the creative cognitive capacities of this species, and to devise appropriate experimental methods to confirm and extend previous findings.
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1046-2023	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	also special issue: Neurocognitive Mechanisms of Creativity: A Toolkit			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	6185
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	Author	Bates, L.A.; Sayialel, K.N.; Njiraini, N.W.; Poole, J.H.; Moss, C.J.; Byrne, R.W.
	Title	African elephants have expectations about the locations of out-of-sight family members			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2008	Publication	Biology Letters	Abbreviated Journal	Biol Lett
	Volume	4	Issue	1	Pages	34-36
	Keywords	elephants, olfaction, urine, individual recognition
	Abstract	Monitoring the location of conspecifics may be important to social mammals. Here, we use an expectancy-violation paradigm to test the ability of African elephants (Loxodonta africana) to keep track of their social companions from olfactory cues. We presented elephants with samples of earth mixed with urine from female conspecifics that were either kin or unrelated to them, and either unexpected or highly predictable at that location. From behavioural measurements of the elephants' reactions, we show that African elephants can recognize up to 17 females and possibly up to 30 family members from cues present in the urine-earth mix, and that they keep track of the location of these individuals in relation to themselves.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
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	Notes				Approved	yes
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4332
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	Author	Byrne, R.
	Title	When cognitive psychology met Japanese primatology			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	5	Issue	1	Pages	59-60
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	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3180
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	Author	Byrne, R. W.; Russon, A. E.
	Title	Learning by imitation: a hierachical approach			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication		Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Brain Sci.
	Volume	21	Issue		Pages	667-721
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	Abstract
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5598
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	Author	Byrne, R.W.
	Title	Animal imitation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2009	Publication	Current Biology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	19	Issue	3	Pages	R111-R114
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0960-9822	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4735
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	Author	Byrne, R.W.
	Title	Culture in great apes: using intricate complexity in feeding skills to trace the evolutionary origin of human technical prowess			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Phil. Trans. Biol. Sci.
	Volume	362	Issue	1480	Pages	577-585
	Keywords
	Abstract	Geographical cataloguing of traits, as used in human ethnography, has led to the description of “culture” in some non-human great apes. Culture, in these terms, is detected as a pattern of local ignorance resulting from environmental constraints on knowledge transmission. However, in many cases, the geographical variations may alternatively be explained by ecology. Social transmission of information can reliably be identified in many other animal species, by experiment or distinctive patterns in distribution; but the excitement of detecting culture in great apes derives from the possibility of understanding the evolution of cumulative technological culture in humans. Given this interest, I argue that great ape research should concentrate on technically complex behaviour patterns that are ubiquitous within a local population; in these cases, a wholly non-social ontogeny is highly unlikely. From this perspective, cultural transmission has an important role in the elaborate feeding skills of all species of great ape, in conveying the “gist” or organization of skills. In contrast, social learning is unlikely to be responsible for local stylistic differences, which are apt to reflect sensitive adaptations to ecology.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	3527
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	Author	Byrne, R.W.
	Title	Imitation of novel complex actions: What does the evidence from animals mean?			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2002	Publication	Advances in the Study of Behavior	Abbreviated Journal	Adv Stud Behav
	Volume	31	Issue		Pages	77-105
	Keywords
	Abstract	Summary Underlying the various behaviors that are classified as imitation, there may be several distinct mechanisms, differing in adaptive function, cognitive basis, and computational power. Experiments reporting “true motor imitation” in animals do not as yet give evidence of production learning by imitation; instead, contextual imitation can explain their data, and this can be explained by a simple mechanism (response facilitation) which matches known neural findings. When imitation serves a function in social mimicry, which applies to a wide range of phenomena from neonatal imitation in humans and great apes to pair-bonding in some bird species, the fidelity of the behavioral match is crucial. Learning of novel behavior can potentially be achieved by matching the outcome of a model's action, and it is argued that vocal imitation by birds is a clear example of this method (which is sometimes called emulation). Alternatively, the behavior itself may be perceived in terms of actions that the observer can perform, and thus it may be copied. If the imitation is linear and stringlike (action level), following the surface form rather than the underlying plan, then its utility for learning new instrumental methods is limited. However, the underlying plan of hierarchically organized behavior is visible in output behavior, in subtle but detectable ways, and imitation could instead be based on this organization (program level), extracted automatically by string parsing. Currently, the most likely candidates for such capacities are all great apes. It is argued that this ability to perceive the underlying plan of action, in addition to allowing highly flexible imitation of novel instrumental methods, may have resulted in the competence to understand the intentions (theory of mind) of others.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Academic Press	Place of Publication	San Diego	Editor	Snowdon, C. T.; Roper, T. J.;Rosenblatt,J. S.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	746
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	Author	Byrne, R.W.
	Title	How monkeys find their way: leadership, coordination, and cognitive maps of African baboons.			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2000	Publication	On the Move: How and Why Animals Travel in Groups	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	491–518
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Chicago University Press	Place of Publication	Chicago	Editor	Boinski, S.; Garber, P.A.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5146
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