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Bourjade, M.; de Boyer des Roches, A.; Hausberger, M. |
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Title |
Adult-Young Ratio, a Major Factor Regulating Social Behaviour of Young: A Horse Study |
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Journal Article |
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2009 |
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PLoS ONE |
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PLoS ONE |
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4 |
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3 |
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e4888 |
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<sec> <title>Background</title> <p>Adults play an important role in regulating the social behaviour of young individuals. However, a few pioneer studies suggest that, more than the mere presence of adults, their proportions in social groups affect the social development of young. Here, we hypothesized that aggression rates and social cohesion were correlated to adult-young ratios. Our biological model was naturally-formed groups of Przewalski horses, <italic>Equus f. przewalskii</italic>, varying in composition.</p> </sec><sec> <title>Methodology/Principal Findings</title> <p>We investigated the social interactions and spatial relationships of 12 one- and two-year-old Przewalski horses belonging to five families with adult-young ratios (AYR) ranging from 0.67 to 1.33. We found striking variations of aggression rates and spatial relationships related to the adult-young ratio: the lower this ratio, the more the young were aggressive, the more young and adults segregated and the tighter the young bonded to other young.</p> </sec><sec> <title>Conclusion/Significance</title> <p>This is the first study demonstrating a correlation between adult-young ratios and aggression rates and social cohesion of young individuals in a naturalistic setting. The increase of aggression and the emergence of social segregation in groups with lower proportions of adults could reflect a related decrease of the influence of adults as regulators of the behaviour of young. This social regulation has both theoretical and practical implications for understanding the modalities of the influence of adults during ontogeny and for recommending optimal settings, as for instance, for schooling or animal group management.</p> </sec> |
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Public Library of Science |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5334 |
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Bourjade, M.; Moulinot, M.; Henry, S.; Richard-Yris, M.-A. Hausberger.M |
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Title |
Could Adults be Used to Improve Social Skills of Young Horses, Equus caballus? |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Ethology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ethology |
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50 |
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4 |
Pages |
408-417 |
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Keywords |
horse • social influence • young-adult interaction • social development |
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We investigated the effects of the introduction of foreign adults on the behavior of young horses. First, we observed the behavior of 1- and 2-year-old domestic horses housed in same-age and same-sex groups (a standard housing system, but different from a natural situation). Then, two same-sex adults were introduced into each experimental group. Observations made before, during and after an introduction indicated that young horses reared in homogeneous groups of young had different behaviors compared to other domestic horses reared under more socially natural conditions. After the introduction of adults, young horses expressed new behaviors, preferential social associations emerged, positive social behavior increased and agonistic interactions decreased. These results have important implications both for understanding the influence that adults may have on the behavior of young horses, and in terms of husbandry, indicating the importance of keeping young horses with adults, although further studies are still necessary. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 50: 408-417, 2008. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4800 |
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Bourjade, M.; Thierry, B.; Hausberger, M.; Petit, O. |
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Title |
Is <italic>Leadership</italic> a Reliable Concept in Animals? An Empirical Study in the Horse |
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2015 |
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PLoS ONE |
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PLoS ONE |
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10 |
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5 |
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e0126344 |
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<p>Leadership is commonly invoked when accounting for the coordination of group movements in animals, yet it remains loosely defined. In parallel, there is increased evidence of the sharing of group decisions by animals on the move. How leadership integrates within this recent framework on collective decision-making is unclear. Here, we question the occurrence of leadership in horses, a species in which this concept is of prevalent use. The relevance of the three main definitions of leadership – departing first, walking in front travel position, and eliciting the joining of mates – was tested on the collective movements of two semi-free ranging groups of Przewalski horses (<italic>Equus ferus przewalskii</italic>). We did not find any leader capable of driving most group movements or recruiting mates more quickly than others. Several group members often displayed pre-departure behaviours at the same time, and the simultaneous departure of several individuals was common. We conclude that the decision-making process was shared by several group members a group movement (i.e., partially shared consensus) and that the leadership concept did not help to depict individual departure and leading behaviour across movements in both study groups. Rather, the different proxies of leadership produced conflicting information about individual contributions to group coordination. This study discusses the implications of these findings for the field of coordination and decision-making research.</p> |
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Public Library of Science |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5992 |
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Author |
Bourjade, M.; Thierry, B.; Maumy, M.; Petit, O. |
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Title |
Decision-making in Przewalski horses (Equus ferus przewalskii) is driven by the ecological contexts of collective movements |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2009 |
Publication |
Ethology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ethology |
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Volume |
115 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
321-330 |
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Abstract |
We addressed decision-making processes in the collective movements of
two groups of Przewalski horses (Equus ferus przewalskii) living in a semi
free-ranging population. We investigated whether different patterns of
group movement are related to certain ecological contexts (habitat use
and group activity) and analysed the possible decision-making processes
involved. We found two distinct patterns; ‘single-bout’ and ‘multiplebout’
movements occurred in both study groups. The movements were
defined by the occurrence of collective stops between bouts and differed
by their duration, distance covered and ecological context. For both
movements, we found that a preliminary period involving several horses
occurred before departure. In single-bout movements, all group members
rapidly joined the first moving horse, independently of the preliminary
period. In multiple-bout movements, however, the joining
process was longer; in particular when the number of decision-makers
and their pre-departure behaviour before departure increased. Multiplebout
movements were more often used by horses to switch habitats and
activities. This observation demonstrates that the horses need more time
to resolve motivational conflicts before these departures. We conclude
that decision-making in Przewalski horses is based on a shared consensus
process driven by ecological determinants. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4801 |
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Author |
Fureix, C.; Bourjade, M.; Henry, S.; Sankey, C.; Hausberger, M. |
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Title |
Exploring aggression regulation in managed groups of horses Equus caballus |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2012 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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Volume |
138 |
Issue |
3–4 |
Pages |
216-228 |
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Keywords |
Horses; Social behaviour; Aggression regulation; Coping in group; Management; Social development |
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Horses are highly social animals that have evolved to live in social groups. However, in modern husbandry systems, single housing prevails where horses experience social isolation, a challenge-to-welfare factor. One major reason for this single housing is the owners’ concerns that horses may injure each other during aggressive encounters. However, in natural conditions, serious injuries due to aggressive encounters are rare. What could therefore explain the claimed risks of group living for domestic horses? Basing our questioning on the current knowledge of the social life of horses in natural conditions, we review different practices that may lead to higher levels of aggression in horses and propose practical solutions. Observations of natural and feral horses mostly indicate a predominance of low frequencies and mild forms of aggression, based on subtle communication signals and ritualized displays and made possible by group stability (i.e. stable composition), dominance hierarchy and learning of appropriate social skills by young horses. Obviously, adults play a major role here in canalizing undesirable behaviours, and social experience during development, associated with a diversity of social partners, seems to be a prerequisite for the young horse to become socially skilled. Given the natural propensity of horses to have a regulation of aggression in groups, the tendency to display more aggression in groups of domestic horses under some management practices seems clearly related to the conditions offered. We therefore review the managing practices that could trigger aggressiveness in horses. Non social practices (space, resource availability) and social practices (group size, stability of membership, composition and opportunities for social experiences during development) in groups of domestic horses are discussed here. Finally, we propose simple practical solutions leading to more peaceful interactions in groups of domestic horses, based on the knowledge of horses’ natural social life which therefore should be enhanced (e.g. ensuring roughage availability, favouring group stability, introducing socially experienced adults in groups of young horses, etc.). The state of the art indicates that many questions still need to be answered. Given the importance of the associated welfare issues and the consequences on the use of horses, further research is required, which could benefit horses… and humans. |
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0168-1591 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5648 |
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Author |
Hausberger, M.; Fureix, C.; Bourjade, M.; Wessel-Robert, S.; Richard-Yris, M.-A. |
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Title |
On the significance of adult play: what does social play tell us about adult horse welfare? |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2012 |
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Naturwissenschaften |
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Volume |
99 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
291-302 |
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Keywords |
Social play; Stress indicators; Animal welfare; Domestic horse |
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Play remains a mystery and adult play even more so. More typical of young stages in healthy individuals, it occurs rarely at adult stages but then more often in captive/domestic animals, which can imply spatial, social and/or feeding deprivations or restrictions that are challenging to welfare, than in animals living in natural conditions. Here, we tested the hypothesis that adult play may reflect altered welfare states and chronic stress in horses, in which, as in several species, play rarely occurs at adult stages in natural conditions. We observed the behaviour (in particular, social play) of riding school horses during occasional outings in a paddock and measured several stress indicators when these horses were in their individual home boxes. Our results revealed that (1) the number of horses and rates of adult play appeared very high compared to field report data and (2) most stress indicators measured differed between ‘players’ and ‘non-players’, revealing that most ‘playful’ animals were suffering from more chronic stress than ‘non-playful’ horses. Frequency of play behaviour correlated with a score of chronic stress. This first discovery of a relationship between adult play and altered welfare opens new lines of research that certainly deserves comparative studies in a variety of species. |
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Springer-Verlag |
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English |
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0028-1042 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5649 |
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