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	Author	Hartmann, E.; Christensen, J.W.; McGreevy, P.D.
	Title	Dominance and Leadership: Useful Concepts in Human-Horse Interactions?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2017	Publication	Journal of Equine Veterinary Science	Abbreviated Journal	Proceedings of the 2017 Equine Science Symposium
	Volume	52	Issue		Pages	1-9
	Keywords	Horse; Social order; Dominance hierarchy; Aggression; Injury; Learning; Training
	Abstract	Dominance hierarchies in horses primarily influence priority access to limited resources of any kind, resulting in predictable contest outcomes that potentially minimize aggressive encounters and associated risk of injury. Levels of aggression in group-kept horses under domestic conditions have been reported to be higher than in their feral counterparts but can often be attributed to suboptimal management. Horse owners often express concerns about the risk of injuries occurring in group-kept horses, but these concerns have not been substantiated by empirical investigations. What has not yet been sufficiently addressed are human safety aspects related to approaching and handling group-kept horses. Given horse's natural tendency to synchronize activity to promote group cohesion, questions remain about how group dynamics influence human-horse interactions. Group dynamics influence a variety of management scenarios, ranging from taking a horse out of its social group to the prospect of humans mimicking the horse's social system by taking a putative leadership role and seeking after an alpha position in the dominance hierarchy to achieve compliance. Yet, there is considerable debate about whether the roles horses attain in their social group are of any relevance in their reactions to humans. This article reviews the empirical data on social dynamics in horses, focusing on dominance and leadership theories and the merits of incorporating those concepts into the human-horse context. This will provide a constructive framework for informed debate and valuable guidance for owners managing group-kept horses and for optimizing human-horse interactions.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0737-0806	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	6712
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Hartmann, E.; Christensen, J.W.; McGreevy, P.D.
	Title	Dominance and leadership: Useful concepts in human-horse interactions?			Type	Journal Article
	Year		Publication	Journal of Equine Veterinary Science	Abbreviated Journal	Journal of Equine Veterinary Science
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract	Dominance hierarchies in horses primarily influence priority access to limited resources of any kind, resulting in predictable contest outcomes that potentially minimize aggressive encounters and associated risk of injury. Levels of aggression in group-kept horses under domestic conditions have been reported to be higher than in their feral counterparts but can often be attributed to sub-optimal management. Horse owners often express concerns about the risk of injuries occurring in group-kept horses but these concerns have not been substantiated by empirical investigations. What has not yet been sufficiently addressed are human safety aspects related to approaching and handling group-kept horses. Given horses? natural tendency to synchronize activity to promote group cohesion, questions remain about how group dynamics influence human-horse interactions. Group dynamics influence a variety of management scenarios, ranging from taking a horse out of its social group to the prospect of humans mimicking the horse?s social system by taking a putative leadership role and seeking after an alpha position in the dominance hierarchy to achieve compliance. Yet, there is considerable debate about whether the roles horses attain in their social group are of any relevance in their reactions to humans. This article reviews the empirical data on social dynamics in horses, focusing on dominance and leadership theories and the merits of incorporating those concepts into the human-horse context. This will provide a constructive framework for informed debate and valuable guidance for owners managing group-kept horses and for optimizing human-horse interactions.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Elsevier	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0737-0806	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.01.015			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	6048
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Herrmann, E.; Call, J.; Hernandez-Lloreda, M.V.; Hare, B.; Tomasello, M.
	Title	online material			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Science	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	317	Issue	5843	Pages	1360-1366
	Keywords
	Abstract	Humans have many cognitive skills not possessed by their nearest primate relatives. The cultural intelligence hypothesis argues that this is mainly due to a species-specific set of social-cognitive skills, emerging early in ontogeny, for participating and exchanging knowledge in cultural groups. We tested this hypothesis by giving a comprehensive battery of cognitive tests to large numbers of two of humans' closest primate relatives, chimpanzees and orangutans, as well as to 2.5-year-old human children before literacy and schooling. Supporting the cultural intelligence hypothesis and contradicting the hypothesis that humans simply have more “general intelligence,” we found that the children and chimpanzees had very similar cognitive skills for dealing with the physical world but that the children had more sophisticated cognitive skills than either of the ape species for dealing with the social world.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4244
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Herrmann, E.; Call, J.; Hernandez-Lloreda, M.V.; Hare, B.; Tomasello, M.
	Title	Humans Have Evolved Specialized Skills of Social Cognition: The Cultural Intelligence Hypothesis			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Science	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	317	Issue	5843	Pages	1360-1366
	Keywords
	Abstract	Humans have many cognitive skills not possessed by their nearest primate relatives. The cultural intelligence hypothesis argues that this is mainly due to a species-specific set of social-cognitive skills, emerging early in ontogeny, for participating and exchanging knowledge in cultural groups. We tested this hypothesis by giving a comprehensive battery of cognitive tests to large numbers of two of humans' closest primate relatives, chimpanzees and orangutans, as well as to 2.5-year-old human children before literacy and schooling. Supporting the cultural intelligence hypothesis and contradicting the hypothesis that humans simply have more “general intelligence,” we found that the children and chimpanzees had very similar cognitive skills for dealing with the physical world but that the children had more sophisticated cognitive skills than either of the ape species for dealing with the social world.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	10.1126/science.1146282			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4245
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Hildebrand M,
	Title	Symmetrial gaits of horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1965	Publication		Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	150	Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1185
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Janik, V.M.
	Title	Whistle matching in wild bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	Science (New York, N.Y.)	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	289	Issue	5483	Pages	1355-1357
	Keywords	Animals; Animals, Wild/physiology; Dolphins/physiology; Imitative Behavior; Learning; Social Behavior; *Vocalization, Animal
	Abstract	Dolphin communication is suspected to be complex, on the basis of their call repertoires, cognitive abilities, and ability to modify signals through vocal learning. Because of the difficulties involved in observing and recording individual cetaceans, very little is known about how they use their calls. This report shows that wild, unrestrained bottlenose dolphins use their learned whistles in matching interactions, in which an individual responds to a whistle of a conspecific by emitting the same whistle type. Vocal matching occurred over distances of up to 580 meters and is indicative of animals addressing each other individually.
	Address	School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, Bute Building, Fife KY16 9TS, UK
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0036-8075	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:10958783			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	550
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	Author	John, E.R.; Chesler, P.; Bartlett, F.; Victor, I.
	Title	Observation Learning in Cats			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1968	Publication	Science	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	159	Issue	3822	Pages	1489-1491
	Keywords
	Abstract	In two experiments cats acquired a stimulus-controlled approach or avoidance response by observational or conventional shaping procedures. Observer cats acquired the avoidance response (hurdle jumping in response to a buzzer stimulus) significantly faster and made fewer errors than cats that were conventionally trained. Observer cats acquired the approach response (lever pressing for food in response to a light stimulus) with significantly fewer errors than cats that were conventionally trained. In some cases, observer cats committed one or no errors while reaching criterion.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	6422
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Jolly, A.
	Title	BEHAVIOR: The Social Origin of Mind			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Science	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	317	Issue	5843	Pages	1326-1327
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4247
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Jolly, A.
	Title	Lemur social behavior and primate intelligence			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1966	Publication	Science	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	153	Issue	3735	Pages	501 - 506
	Keywords
	Abstract	Our human intellect has resulted from an enormous leap in capacity above the level of monkeys and apes. Earlier, though, Old and New World monkeys' intelligence outdistanced that of other mammals, including the prosimian primates. This first great advance in intelligence probably was selected through interspecific competition on the large continents. However, even at this early stage, primate social life provided the evolutionary context of primate intelligence. Two arguments support this conclusion. One is ontogenetic: modern monkeys learn so much of their social behavior, and learn their behavior toward food and toward other species through social example. The second is phylogenetic: some prosimians, the social lemurs, have evolved the usual primate type of society and social learning without the capacity to manipulate objects as monkeys do. It thus seems likely that the rudiments of primate society preceded the growth of primate intelligence, made it possible, and determined its nature.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3010
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Kaminski, J.; Call, J.; Fischer, J.
	Title	Word Learning in a Domestic Dog: Evidence for “Fast Mapping”			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Science	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	304	Issue	5677	Pages	1682-1683
	Keywords
	Abstract	During speech acquisition, children form quick and rough hypotheses about the meaning of a new word after only a single exposure--a process dubbed “fast mapping.” Here we provide evidence that a border collie, Rico, is able to fast map. Rico knew the labels of over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those items right away as well as 4 weeks after the initial exposure. Fast mapping thus appears to be mediated by general learning and memory mechanisms also found in other animals and not by a language acquisition device that is special to humans.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	10.1126/science.1097859			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4678
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