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| Author |
Boesch C; Boesch H |
| Title |
Mental maps in wild chimpanzees: an analysis of hammer transports for nut cracking |
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| Year |
1984 |
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Primates |
Abbreviated Journal |
Primates |
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25 |
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160 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2982 |
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| Author |
Yamakoshi G; Sugiyama Y |
| Title |
Pestle-pounding behavior of wild chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea: a newly observed tool-using behavior |
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1995 |
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Primates |
Abbreviated Journal |
Primates |
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36 |
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489 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3052 |
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Cordeiro de Sousa, M.; Xavier, N.; Alves da Silva, H.; Souza de Oliveira, M.; Yamamoto, M. |
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Hand preference study in marmosets ( Callithrix jacchus ) using food reaching tests |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2001 |
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Primates |
Abbreviated Journal |
Primates |
| Volume |
42 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
57-66 |
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Abstract Hand preference has been investigated in New World primates but the data obtained thus far are controversial. In this study we investigated hand preference in common marmosets,Callithrix jacchus, during the execution of a reaching for food task. We used 46 adult common marmoset males (n=27) and females (n=19) from the Universidade of Rio Grande do Norte colony, both wild and captive-born. To test the hand preference we used a device measuring 10 cm2, with a central hole 1 cm in diameter, to force the animal to use only one hand to reach for food on a food dish located underneath. Each animal was tested 5 times and had to make a maximum of 20 successful attempts per session. A total of 100 successful attempts per animal and 4,600 successful attempts for all animals were recorded during the experiment. Latency and duration of the sessions were measured and we found preference for the use of one of the hands in common marmoset individuals, i.e. 45 of total of 46 animals used significantly more the right or the left hand when performing the task. However no bias at the population level was found. Females born in captivity presented an increase in the duration of latency for the first successful attempt and in the total duration of the test sessions. These findings might be indicating differences associated with a natural tendency for females to be more selective and to spend more time exploring alimentary sources. Additionally, captive-born females may have a constrain in developing cognitive abilities regarding foraging since they have food available during most part of the time. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3149 |
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| Author |
Neville, M.K. |
| Title |
Male leadership change in a free-ranging troop of Indian rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1968 |
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Primates |
Abbreviated Journal |
Primates |
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9 |
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1 |
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13-27 |
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The male leadership of a troop of rhesus living at the foot of the Kumaon foothills of India was studied from January to December of 1965. The troop, inhabiting a region of fields and forests, varied in size from a maximum of 20 after the birth season to a minimum of 14 in December during the breeding season. The troop initially contained two adult males with the occasional presence of a third, more peripheral male. This third male disappeared in March and was perhaps identical with the male who began to appear in August and succeeded in displacing the dominant male from the troop. The second initial male succeeded to the dominant position in September. During the breeding season various extra-troop males followed and occasionally penetrated the troop. The second male had difficulty in maintaining his position against one of these, who had perhaps been the peripheral male at the beginning of 1965. |
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2059 |
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Dunbar, R.I.M. |
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Observations on the ecology and social organization of the green monkey,Cercopithecus sabaeus, in Senegal |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1974 |
Publication |
Primates |
Abbreviated Journal |
Primates |
| Volume |
15 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
341-350 |
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The green monkey,Cercopithecus sabaeus, has not been studied in its natural habitat in West Africa. This paper reports observations made during a 3-month study in Senegal. Green monkeys live in multimale groups averaging some 12 individuals. Information is given on home range size, use of habitat, daily activity patterns, diet and birth seasonality. Social organization is discussed and data are given on the relationships between age-sex classes, aggression and leadership. Inter-group relations are discussed and it is suggested that groups defend their ranges as territories. The ecology and social organization of green monkeys is compared with that of populations ofC. aethiops studied in East Africa and they are found to be similar. |
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2062 |
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Southwick, C.H.; Siddiqi, M.R. |
| Title |
The role of social tradition in the maintenance of dominance in a wild rhesus group |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1967 |
Publication |
Primates |
Abbreviated Journal |
Primates |
| Volume |
8 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
341-353 |
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Following the injury and disability of the dominant male, the home range of a group of rhesus in a rural habitat in Aligarh district was significantly reduced from 40 acres to less than 10 acres. Throughout this injury and prior to his death, the male maintained his dominance in reference to a peripheral male who frequently attempted to enter the group. Upon the death of the dominant male, group leadership and dominance was assumed by a young subdominant male within the group and the peripheral male still remained outside the group. These observations indicate a strong social tradition in the maintenance of dominance within this wild rhesus group, and they emphasize the role of the dominant male in maintaining home range. |
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2064 |
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Bunnell, B.; Perkins, M. |
| Title |
Performance correlates of social behavior and organization: Social rank and complex problem solving in crab-eating macaques (M. fascicularis) |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1980 |
Publication |
Primates |
Abbreviated Journal |
Primates |
| Volume |
21 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
515-523 |
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Abstract Seventeen male crab-eating macaques, drawn from two captive troops, were tested on a series of complex problem solving tasks in a Wisconsin General Test Apparatus (wgta). The animals were trained on a series of 6-trial object quality learning set problems followed by a series of 10-trial object quality learning set problems. They were then given problems in which the correct stimulus object was reversed part way through the problem. After the animals reached criterion on this task, the reversal learning set was then extinguished. High ranking animals made more intraproblem errors than low ranking animals on the 6-trial problems, but there was no relationship between social status and the rapidity with which the object quality learning set was established. Animals that received overtraining on the 6-trial problems transferred their learning virtually intact to the 10-trial problems; however, high ranking animals without overtraining made more errors than low ranking animals. On reversal learning and reversal extinction, high ranking animals made more errors on critical trials, indicating that they formed and extinguished the reversal set more slowly than low ranking animals. Object quality sets, as measured by trial-2 performance, were not affected by the reversal conditions. |
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2082 |
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Bunnell, B.; Gore, W.; Perkins, M. |
| Title |
Performance correlates of social behavior and organization: Social rank and reversal learning in crab-eating macaques (M. fascicularis) |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1980 |
Publication |
Primates |
Abbreviated Journal |
Primates |
| Volume |
21 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
376-388 |
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Abstract Seventeen male crab-eating macaques drawn from two captive troops, were tested on a brightness discrimination, reversal learning task. Fourteen of these animals completed ten reversals. It was found that the performance of the three highest ranking animals from each troop, taken together, was poorer than that of the lower ranking animals that were tested. The high ranking animals made more errors before reaching criterion on both initial learning and the reversal problems. Analysis of error patterns revealed that, while the high ranking animals had no more difficulty than the others in withholding their responses to the previously correct stimulus following reversals, they did not adopt the correct strategy as soon as the low ranking animals. The results have been interpreted in terms of a carry-over of a hypothetical factor or factors resulting from pressures created by the ongoing social dynamics involved in establishing and maintaining a given social rank at the time laboratory testing occurred. |
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2083 |
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Stevens, J.; Vervaecke, H.; De Vries, H.; Van Elsacker, L. |
| Title |
Social structures in Pan paniscus: testing the female bonding hypothesis |
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Journal Article |
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2006 |
Publication |
Primates |
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Primates |
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47 |
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3 |
Pages |
210-217 |
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Abstract Based on previous research in captivity, bonobos, Pan paniscus, have been called a female-bonded species. However, genetic and behavioural data indicate that wild females migrate. Bonding between these unrelated females would then be in contradiction with socio-ecological models. It has been argued that female bonding has been overemphasized in captive bonobos. We examine patterns of proximity, grooming and support behaviour in six well established captive groups of bonobos. We find that female bonding was not a typical characteristic of all captive bonobo groups. In only two groups there was a trend for females to prefer proximity with other females over association with males. We found no evidence that following or grooming between females was more frequent than between males and unrelated females or between males. Only in coalitions, females supported each other more than male-female or male-male dyads. We also investigated five mother-son pairs. Grooming was more frequent among mothers and sons than in any other dyad, but sons did not groom their mothers more than males groomed unrelated females. Mothers groomed their sons, or provided more support to them than females groomed or supported unrelated males. Thus, while bonds between females were clearly present, intersexual relations between males and either unrelated females or their mothers are of more, or equal importance. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2193 |
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Phillips, K. |
| Title |
Natural conceptual behavior in squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus): An experimental investigation |
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Journal Article |
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1996 |
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Primates |
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Primates |
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37 |
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3 |
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327-332 |
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Abstract Natural conceptual discriminations have been tested in many different species, including pigeons and a variety of non-human primates. The ability of four male squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) to learn and use the natural concept “squirrel monkey” was investigated in this study. After a training phase, subjects were presented with novel stimuli in transfer and test trials. All subjects performed at a rate significantly above chance on the first test trial (p<.001), indicating that squirrel monkeys can utilize natural concepts in the laboratory. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3114 |
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