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| Author |
Marean, C.W.; Gifford-Gonzalez, D. |
| Title |
Late Quaternary extinct ungulates of East Africa and palaeoenvironmental implications |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year  |
1991 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
| Volume |
350 |
Issue |
6317 |
Pages |
418-420 |
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| Abstract |
UNGULATE communities of two East African savannas, the Serengeti and Athi-Kapiti Plains, are dominated by wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) supplemented by zebra (Equus burchelli), topi (Damaliscus lunatus), hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus), buffalo (Syncerus caffer) eland (Taurotragus oryx) and gazelles (Gazella grand and G. thomsoni)1-3. Before this research, little was known of East African large mammal communities in the Late Pleistocene and early to middle Holocene. We document an extinct impala-sized alcelaphine antelope that is numerically dominant in Late Pleistocene archaeofaunal assemblages from the Athi-Kapiti Plains. The extinct giant buffalo Pelorovis antiquus is present, and a number of arid-adapted regionally extinct species are common. The small alcelaphine is rare in northern Tanzania, but regionally extinct arid-adapted species are present in Late Pleistocene deposits. These data indicate that as recently as 12,000 years ago, the large mammal community structure of East African savannas was very different and dry grasslands and arid-adapted ungulates expanded at least as far south as northern Tanzania during the Last Glacial Maximum. |
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10.1038/350418a0 |
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no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2345 |
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| Author |
Potts, W.K.; Manning, C.J.; Wakeland, E.K. |
| Title |
Mating patterns in seminatural populations of mice influenced by MHC genotype |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
| Volume |
352 |
Issue |
6336 |
Pages |
619-621 |
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10.1038/352619a0 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5424 |
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| Author |
Novacek, M.J. |
| Title |
Mammalian phylogeny: shaking the tree |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1992 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
| Volume |
356 |
Issue |
6365 |
Pages |
121-125 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Evolution; Fossils; Mammals/classification/*genetics; *Phylogeny |
| Abstract |
Recent palaeontological discoveries and the correspondence between molecular and morphological results provide fresh insight on the deep structure of mammalian phylogeny. This new wave of research, however, has yet to resolve some important issues. |
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American Museum of Natural History, New York 10024 |
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English |
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0028-0836 |
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PMID:1545862 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3546 |
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| Author |
Nowak, M.A.; Sigmund, K. |
| Title |
Tit for tat in heterogeneous populations |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1992 |
Publication |
Nature |
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Nature |
| Volume |
355 |
Issue |
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Pages |
250-253 |
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10.1038/355250a0 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4842 |
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| Author |
Reeve, H.K. |
| Title |
Queen activation of lazy workers in colonies of the eusocial naked mole-rat |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1992 |
Publication |
Nature |
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Nature |
| Volume |
358 |
Issue |
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Pages |
147-149 |
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| Notes |
10.1038/358147a0 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4921 |
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| Author |
Sugiyama Y |
| Title |
Tool use by wild chimpanzees |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Nature |
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Nature |
| Volume |
376 |
Issue |
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327 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3041 |
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| Author |
Clutton-Brock, T.H.; Parker, G.A. |
| Title |
Punishment in animal societies |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1995 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
| Volume |
373 |
Issue |
6511 |
Pages |
209-216 |
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Although positive reciprocity (reciprocal altruism) has been a focus of interest in evolutionary biology, negative reciprocity (retaliatory infliction of fitness reduction) has been largely ignored. In social animals, retaliatory aggression is common, individuals often punish other group members that infringe their interests, and punishment can cause subordinates to desist from behaviour likely to reduce the fitness of dominant animals. Punishing strategies are used to establish and maintain dominance relationships, to discourage parasites and cheats, to discipline offspring or prospective sexual partners and to maintain cooperative behaviour. |
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| Notes |
10.1038/373209a0 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4838 |
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| Author |
Clayton, N.S.; Dickinson, A. |
| Title |
Episodic-like memory during cache recovery by scrub jays |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1998 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
| Volume |
395 |
Issue |
6699 |
Pages |
272-274 |
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| Abstract |
The recollection of past experiences allows us to recall what a particular event was, and where and when it occurred1,2, a form of memory that is thought to be unique to humans3. It is known, however, that food-storing birds remember the spatial location4, 5, 6 and contents6, 7, 8, 9 of their caches. Furthermore, food-storing animals adapt their caching and recovery strategies to the perishability of food stores10, 11, 12, 13, which suggests that they are sensitive to temporal factors. Here we show that scrub jays (Aphelocoma coerulescens) remember 'when' food items are stored by allowing them to recover perishable 'wax worms' (wax-moth larvae) and non-perishable peanuts which they had previously cached in visuospatially distinct sites. Jays searched preferentially for fresh wax worms, their favoured food, when allowed to recover them shortly after caching. However, they rapidly learned to avoid searching for worms after a longer interval during which the worms had decayed. The recovery preference of jays demonstrates memory of where and when particular food items were cached, thereby fulfilling the behavioural criteria for episodic-like memory in non-human animals. |
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0028-0836 |
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| Notes |
10.1038/26216 |
Approved |
no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4788 |
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| Author |
Watts, D.J.; Strogatz, S.H. |
| Title |
Collective dynamics of /`small-world/' networks |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1998 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
| Volume |
393 |
Issue |
6684 |
Pages |
440-442 |
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| Abstract |
Networks of coupled dynamical systems have been used to model biological oscillators Josephson junction arrays excitable media, neural networks spatial games11, genetic control networks12 and many other self-organizing systems. Ordinarily, the connection topology is assumed to be either completely regular or completely random. But many biological, technological and social networks lie somewhere between these two extremes. Here we explore simple models of networks that can be tuned through this middle ground: regular networks 'rewired' to introduce increasing amounts of disorder. We find that these systems can be highly clustered, like regular lattices, yet have small characteristic path lengths, like random graphs. We call them 'small-world' networks, by analogy with the small-world phenomenon (popularly known as six degrees of separation). The neural network of the worm Caenorhabditis elegans, the power grid of the western United States, and the collaboration graph of film actors are shown to be small-world networks. Models of dynamical systems with small-world coupling display enhanced signal-propagation speed, computational power, and synchronizability. In particular, infectious diseases spread more easily in small-world networks than in regular lattices. |
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0028-0836 |
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10.1038/30918 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4989 |
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| Author |
Barton, N. |
| Title |
Evolutionary biology: The geometry of adaptation |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
| Volume |
395 |
Issue |
6704 |
Pages |
751-752 |
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0028-0836 |
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| Notes |
10.1038/27338 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5469 |
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