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Author Clutton-Brock, T.H.
Title Primate social organisation and ecology Type Journal Article
Year 1974 Publication (up) Abbreviated Journal Nature
Volume 250 Issue 5467 Pages 539-542
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Abstract Attempts to relate interspecific differences in social organisation among primates to gross differences in habitat or diet type have been largely unsuccessful. This is probably partly because distantly related species have adapted to similar ecological situations in different ways and partly because much finer ecological differences are important.
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Notes 10.1038/250539a0 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4730
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Author Behrens, T.E.J.; Hunt, L.T.; Woolrich, M.W.; Rushworth, M.F.S.
Title Associative learning of social value Type Journal Article
Year 2008 Publication (up) Abbreviated Journal Nature
Volume 456 Issue 7219 Pages 245-249
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Abstract Our decisions are guided by information learnt from our environment. This information may come via personal experiences of reward, but also from the behaviour of social partners1, 2. Social learning is widely held to be distinct from other forms of learning in its mechanism and neural implementation; it is often assumed to compete with simpler mechanisms, such as reward-based associative learning, to drive behaviour3. Recently, neural signals have been observed during social exchange reminiscent of signals seen in studies of associative learning4. Here we demonstrate that social information may be acquired using the same associative processes assumed to underlie reward-based learning. We find that key computational variables for learning in the social and reward domains are processed in a similar fashion, but in parallel neural processing streams. Two neighbouring divisions of the anterior cingulate cortex were central to learning about social and reward-based information, and for determining the extent to which each source of information guides behaviour. When making a decision, however, the information learnt using these parallel streams was combined within ventromedial prefrontal cortex. These findings suggest that human social valuation can be realized by means of the same associative processes previously established for learning other, simpler, features of the environment.
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Publisher Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved Place of Publication Editor
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ISSN 0028-0836 ISBN Medium
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Notes 10.1038/nature07538 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4681
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Author Ohtsuki, H.; Iwasa, Y.; Nowak, M.A.
Title Indirect reciprocity provides only a narrow margin of efficiency for costly punishment Type Journal Article
Year 2009 Publication (up) Abbreviated Journal Nature
Volume 457 Issue 7225 Pages 79-82
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Abstract Indirect reciprocity1, 2, 3, 4, 5 is a key mechanism for the evolution of human cooperation. Our behaviour towards other people depends not only on what they have done to us but also on what they have done to others. Indirect reciprocity works through reputation5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17. The standard model of indirect reciprocity offers a binary choice: people can either cooperate or defect. Cooperation implies a cost for the donor and a benefit for the recipient. Defection has no cost and yields no benefit. Currently there is considerable interest in studying the effect of costly (or altruistic) punishment on human behaviour18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25. Punishment implies a cost for the punished person. Costly punishment means that the punisher also pays a cost. It has been suggested that costly punishment between individuals can promote cooperation. Here we study the role of costly punishment in an explicit model of indirect reciprocity. We analyse all social norms, which depend on the action of the donor and the reputation of the recipient. We allow errors in assigning reputation and study gossip as a mechanism for establishing coherence. We characterize all strategies that allow the evolutionary stability of cooperation. Some of those strategies use costly punishment; others do not. We find that punishment strategies typically reduce the average payoff of the population. Consequently, there is only a small parameter region where costly punishment leads to an efficient equilibrium. In most cases the population does better by not using costly punishment. The efficient strategy for indirect reciprocity is to withhold help for defectors rather than punishing them.
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Publisher Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved Place of Publication Editor
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ISSN 0028-0836 ISBN Medium
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Notes 10.1038/nature07601 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4705
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Author Clayton, N.S.; Dickinson, A.
Title Episodic-like memory during cache recovery by scrub jays Type Journal Article
Year 1998 Publication (up) Abbreviated Journal Nature
Volume 395 Issue 6699 Pages 272-274
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Abstract The recollection of past experiences allows us to recall what a particular event was, and where and when it occurred1,2, a form of memory that is thought to be unique to humans3. It is known, however, that food-storing birds remember the spatial location4, 5, 6 and contents6, 7, 8, 9 of their caches. Furthermore, food-storing animals adapt their caching and recovery strategies to the perishability of food stores10, 11, 12, 13, which suggests that they are sensitive to temporal factors. Here we show that scrub jays (Aphelocoma coerulescens) remember 'when' food items are stored by allowing them to recover perishable 'wax worms' (wax-moth larvae) and non-perishable peanuts which they had previously cached in visuospatially distinct sites. Jays searched preferentially for fresh wax worms, their favoured food, when allowed to recover them shortly after caching. However, they rapidly learned to avoid searching for worms after a longer interval during which the worms had decayed. The recovery preference of jays demonstrates memory of where and when particular food items were cached, thereby fulfilling the behavioural criteria for episodic-like memory in non-human animals.
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Notes 10.1038/26216 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4788
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Author Couzin, I.D.; Krause, J.; Franks, N.R.; Levin, S.A.
Title Effective leadership and decision-making in animal groups on the move Type Journal Article
Year 2005 Publication (up) Abbreviated Journal Nature
Volume 433 Issue 7025 Pages 513-516
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Notes 10.1038/nature03236 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4827
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Author Fehr, E.; Gachter, S.
Title Altruistic punishment in humans Type Journal Article
Year 2002 Publication (up) Abbreviated Journal Nature
Volume 415 Issue 6868 Pages 137-140
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Abstract Human cooperation is an evolutionary puzzle. Unlike other creatures, people frequently cooperate with genetically unrelated strangers, often in large groups, with people they will never meet again, and when reputation gains are small or absent. These patterns of cooperation cannot be explained by the nepotistic motives associated with the evolutionary theory of kin selection and the selfish motives associated with signalling theory or the theory of reciprocal altruism. Here we show experimentally that the altruistic punishment of defectors is a key motive for the explanation of cooperation. Altruistic punishment means that individuals punish, although the punishment is costly for them and yields no material gain. We show that cooperation flourishes if altruistic punishment is possible, and breaks down if it is ruled out. The evidence indicates that negative emotions towards defectors are the proximate mechanism behind altruistic punishment. These results suggest that future study of the evolution of human cooperation should include a strong focus on explaining altruistic punishment.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4835
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Author Clutton-Brock, T.H.; Parker, G.A.
Title Punishment in animal societies Type Journal Article
Year 1995 Publication (up) Abbreviated Journal Nature
Volume 373 Issue 6511 Pages 209-216
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Abstract Although positive reciprocity (reciprocal altruism) has been a focus of interest in evolutionary biology, negative reciprocity (retaliatory infliction of fitness reduction) has been largely ignored. In social animals, retaliatory aggression is common, individuals often punish other group members that infringe their interests, and punishment can cause subordinates to desist from behaviour likely to reduce the fitness of dominant animals. Punishing strategies are used to establish and maintain dominance relationships, to discourage parasites and cheats, to discipline offspring or prospective sexual partners and to maintain cooperative behaviour.
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Notes 10.1038/373209a0 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4838
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Author Foster, K.R.; Ratnieks, F.L.W.
Title Social insects: Facultative worker policing in a wasp Type Journal Article
Year 2000 Publication (up) Abbreviated Journal Nature
Volume 407 Issue 6805 Pages 692-693
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Abstract Kin-selection theory predicts that in social-insect colonies where the queen has mated multiple times, the workers will enforce cooperation by policing each other's reproduction1, 2, 3, 4. We have discovered a species, the wasp Dolichovespula saxonica, in which some queens mate once and others mate many times, and in which workers frequently attempt reproduction, allowing this prediction to be tested directly. We find that multiple mating by the queen leads to mutual policing by workers, whereas single mating does not.
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Publisher Macmillan Magazines Ltd. Place of Publication Editor
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Notes 10.1038/35037665 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4940
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Author Harrison, S.A.; Tong, F.
Title Decoding reveals the contents of visual working memory in early visual areas Type Journal Article
Year 2009 Publication (up) Abbreviated Journal Nature
Volume 458 Issue 7238 Pages 632-635
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Abstract Visual working memory provides an essential link between perception and higher cognitive functions, allowing for the active maintenance of information about stimuli no longer in view1, 2. Research suggests that sustained activity in higher-order prefrontal, parietal, inferotemporal and lateral occipital areas supports visual maintenance3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and may account for the limited capacity of working memory to hold up to 3–4 items9, 10, 11. Because higher-order areas lack the visual selectivity of early sensory areas, it has remained unclear how observers can remember specific visual features, such as the precise orientation of a grating, with minimal decay in performance over delays of many seconds12. One proposal is that sensory areas serve to maintain fine-tuned feature information13, but early visual areas show little to no sustained activity over prolonged delays14, 15, 16. Here we show that orientations held in working memory can be decoded from activity patterns in the human visual cortex, even when overall levels of activity are low. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging and pattern classification methods, we found that activity patterns in visual areas V1–V4 could predict which of two oriented gratings was held in memory with mean accuracy levels upwards of 80%, even in participants whose activity fell to baseline levels after a prolonged delay. These orientation-selective activity patterns were sustained throughout the delay period, evident in individual visual areas, and similar to the responses evoked by unattended, task-irrelevant gratings. Our results demonstrate that early visual areas can retain specific information about visual features held in working memory, over periods of many seconds when no physical stimulus is present.
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Publisher Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved Place of Publication Editor
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Notes 10.1038/nature07832 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4944
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Author Watts, D.J.; Strogatz, S.H.
Title Collective dynamics of /`small-world/' networks Type Journal Article
Year 1998 Publication (up) Abbreviated Journal Nature
Volume 393 Issue 6684 Pages 440-442
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Abstract Networks of coupled dynamical systems have been used to model biological oscillators Josephson junction arrays excitable media, neural networks spatial games11, genetic control networks12 and many other self-organizing systems. Ordinarily, the connection topology is assumed to be either completely regular or completely random. But many biological, technological and social networks lie somewhere between these two extremes. Here we explore simple models of networks that can be tuned through this middle ground: regular networks 'rewired' to introduce increasing amounts of disorder. We find that these systems can be highly clustered, like regular lattices, yet have small characteristic path lengths, like random graphs. We call them 'small-world' networks, by analogy with the small-world phenomenon (popularly known as six degrees of separation). The neural network of the worm Caenorhabditis elegans, the power grid of the western United States, and the collaboration graph of film actors are shown to be small-world networks. Models of dynamical systems with small-world coupling display enhanced signal-propagation speed, computational power, and synchronizability. In particular, infectious diseases spread more easily in small-world networks than in regular lattices.
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Notes 10.1038/30918 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4989
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